第1章 · 第1-3-1题

exercise

📝 题目

1.计算下列极限: (1) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow-1} \frac{x^{2}+2 x+1}{x-1}$ ; (2) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 2} \frac{x-1}{\sqrt{x+1}}$ ; (3) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{x^{2}-3 x+2}{x-1}$ ; (4) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{x^{2}+2 x+1}{x^{4}-3 x+1}$ ; (5) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{\sqrt{x}-1}{x^{2}+5 x-6}$ ; (6) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{(x+h)^{2}-x^{2}}{h}$ ; (7) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 1} \sqrt[3]{x-1}$ ; (8) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{\sqrt[3]{x}-1}{x-1}$ ; (9) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 1}\left(\frac{1}{1-x}-\frac{3}{1-x^{3}}\right)$ ; (10) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow+\infty} x\left(\sqrt{x^{2}+1}-x\right)$ ; (11) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{x}{\sqrt{2+x}-\sqrt{2-x}}$ ; (12) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sqrt[n]{1+x}-1}{x}\left(n \in \mathbf{Z}^{+}\right)$; (13) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow+\infty}\left(\sqrt{4 x^{2}+3 x+1}-\sqrt{4 x^{2}-3 x-2}\right)$ ; (14) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow+\infty}(\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x}}-\sqrt{x})$ .

💡 答案与解析

[AI解答]

[AI解答]

以下是习题1-3中极限问题的详细解答。

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### (1)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow -1} \frac{x^{2}+2x+1}{x-1}$

分子可分解为 $(x+1)^2$,但分母在 $x=-1$ 时不为零,直接代入:

$$ \frac{(-1)^2+2(-1)+1}{-1-1} = \frac{1-2+1}{-2} = \frac{0}{-2} = 0 $$

**答案**:$0$

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### (2)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 2} \frac{x-1}{\sqrt{x+1}}$

直接代入 $x=2$:

$$ \frac{2-1}{\sqrt{2+1}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} $$

**答案**:$\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$

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### (3)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{x^{2}-3x+2}{x-1}$

分子因式分解:$x^2-3x+2 = (x-1)(x-2)$,约去 $x-1$:

$$ \lim_{x \to 1} (x-2) = 1-2 = -1 $$

**答案**:$-1$

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### (4)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{x^{2}+2x+1}{x^{4}-3x+1}$

分子最高次 $x^2$,分母最高次 $x^4$,故极限为 $0$:

$$ \lim_{x\to\infty} \frac{x^2+2x+1}{x^4-3x+1} = 0 $$

**答案**:$0$

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### (5)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{\sqrt{x}-1}{x^{2}+5x-6}$

分母因式分解:$x^2+5x-6 = (x-1)(x+6)$,分子有理化:

$$ \frac{\sqrt{x}-1}{x-1} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}+1} $$

故原式:

$$ \lim_{x\to 1} \frac{1}{(x+6)(\sqrt{x}+1)} = \frac{1}{(1+6)(1+1)} = \frac{1}{14} $$

**答案**:$\frac{1}{14}$

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### (6)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{(x+h)^{2}-x^{2}}{h}$

展开分子:$(x+h)^2 - x^2 = 2xh + h^2$,除以 $h$ 得 $2x + h$,极限为 $2x$:

$$ \lim_{h\to 0} (2x + h) = 2x $$

**答案**:$2x$

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### (7)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 1} \sqrt[3]{x-1}$

当 $x\to 1$ 时,$x-1 \to 0$,故 $\sqrt[3]{x-1} \to 0$:

**答案**:$0$

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### (8)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{\sqrt[3]{x}-1}{x-1}$

利用公式 $a^3 - b^3 = (a-b)(a^2+ab+b^2)$,令 $a = \sqrt[3]{x}$,$b=1$,则:

$$ \sqrt[3]{x} - 1 = \frac{x-1}{\sqrt[3]{x^2} + \sqrt[3]{x} + 1} $$

所以:

$$ \lim_{x\to 1} \frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{x^2} + \sqrt[3]{x} + 1} = \frac{1}{1+1+1} = \frac{1}{3} $$

**答案**:$\frac{1}{3}$

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### (9)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 1}\left(\frac{1}{1-x}-\frac{3}{1-x^{3}}\right)$

注意到 $1-x^3 = (1-x)(1+x+x^2)$,通分:

$$ \frac{1}{1-x} - \frac{3}{(1-x)(1+x+x^2)} = \frac{1+x+x^2 - 3}{(1-x)(1+x+x^2)} = \frac{x^2+x-2}{(1-x)(1+x+x^2)} $$

分子因式分解:$x^2+x-2 = (x-1)(x+2)$,而 $1-x = -(x-1)$,约去 $x-1$:

$$ \frac{(x-1)(x+2)}{-(x-1)(1+x+x^2)} = -\frac{x+2}{1+x+x^2} $$

代入 $x=1$:

$$ -\frac{1+2}{1+1+1} = -\frac{3}{3} = -1 $$

**答案**:$-1$

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### (10)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow+\infty} x\left(\sqrt{x^{2}+1}-x\right)$

有理化:

$$ \sqrt{x^2+1} - x = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+1}+x} $$

原式:

$$ \lim_{x\to+\infty} \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+1}+x} = \lim_{x\to+\infty} \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{x^2}}+1} = \frac{1}{1+1} = \frac{1}{2} $$

**答案**:$\frac{1}{2}$

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### (11)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{x}{\sqrt{2+x}-\sqrt{2-x}}$

分母有理化:

$$ \sqrt{2+x} - \sqrt{2-x} = \frac{(2+x)-(2-x)}{\sqrt{2+x}+\sqrt{2-x}} = \frac{2x}{\sqrt{2+x}+\sqrt{2-x}} $$

原式:

$$ \frac{x}{\frac{2x}{\sqrt{2+x}+\sqrt{2-x}}} = \frac{\sqrt{2+x}+\sqrt{2-x}}{2} $$

代入 $x=0$:

$$ \frac{\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{2}}{2} = \frac{2\sqrt{2}}{2} = \sqrt{2} $$

**答案**:$\sqrt{2}$

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### (12)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sqrt[n]{1+x}-1}{x}\quad (n \in \mathbf{Z}^{+})$

利用公式 $a^n - b^n = (a-b)(a^{n-1}+a^{n-2}b+\cdots+b^{n-1})$,令 $a=\sqrt[n]{1+x}$,$b=1$,则:

$$ \sqrt[n]{1+x} - 1 = \frac{x}{\sqrt[n]{(1+x)^{n-1}} + \sqrt[n]{(1+x)^{n-2}} + \cdots + 1} $$

当 $x\to 0$ 时,分母每一项趋于 $1$,共 $n$ 项,故极限为 $\frac{1}{n}$:

**答案**:$\frac{1}{n}$

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### (13)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow+\infty}\left(\sqrt{4 x^{2}+3 x+1}-\sqrt{4 x^{2}-3 x-2}\right)$

有理化:

$$ \frac{(4x^2+3x+1)-(4x^2-3x-2)}{\sqrt{4x^2+3x+1}+\sqrt{4x^2-3x-2}} = \frac{6x+3}{\sqrt{4x^2+3x+1}+\sqrt{4x^2-3x-2}} $$

当 $x\to+\infty$,分母 $\sim \sqrt{4x^2}+\sqrt{4x^2}=2x+2x=4x$,分子 $\sim 6x$,故极限:

$$ \frac{6x}{4x} = \frac{3}{2} $$

更精确地,提取 $x$:

$$ \frac{6+\frac{3}{x}}{\sqrt{4+\frac{3}{x}+\frac{1}{x^2}}+\sqrt{4-\frac{3}{x}-\frac{2}{x^2}}} \to \frac{6}{2+2} = \frac{3}{2} $$

**答案**:$\frac{3}{2}$

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### (14)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow+\infty}(\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x}}-\sqrt{x})$

有理化:

$$ \sqrt{x+\sqrt{x}} - \sqrt{x} = \frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x}}+\sqrt{x}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}}+1} $$

当 $