第2章 · 第2-3-5题

exercise

📝 题目

5.求下列函数的微分: (1)$y=x \ln x-x^{2}$ ; (2)$y=\arcsin \sqrt{x}$ ; (3)$y=x \arctan \sqrt{x}$ ; (4)$y=\ln \left(\tan \frac{x}{2}\right)$ ; (5)$y=1+x \mathrm{e}^{y}$ ; (6)$y^{2} \cos x=\sin 3 x$ ; (7)$y=\frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^{2}}}$ ; (8)$y=\frac{x^{3}-1}{x^{3}+1}$ ; (9)$y=\tan ^{2}\left(1+2 x^{2}\right)$ ; (10)$y=3^{\ln (\tan x)}$ ; (11)$y=x^{5 x}$ ; (12) $\mathrm{e}^{\frac{x}{y}}-x y=0$ ; (13)$y^{2}+\ln y=x^{4}$ ; (14)$y=\cos (x y)-x$ .

💡 答案与解析

[AI解答]

[AI解答]

**5. 求下列函数的微分** 微分公式:$dy = y' \, dx$,以下先求导数 $y'$。

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### (1)$y=x \ln x - x^{2}$ $$y' = \ln x + x \cdot \frac{1}{x} - 2x = \ln x + 1 - 2x$$ 所以 $$dy = (\ln x + 1 - 2x) \, dx$$

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### (2)$y=\arcsin \sqrt{x}$ $$y' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-(\sqrt{x})^2}} \cdot \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x}} \cdot \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}} = \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x(1-x)}}$$ 所以 $$dy = \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x(1-x)}} \, dx$$

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### (3)$y=x \arctan \sqrt{x}$ $$y' = \arctan\sqrt{x} + x \cdot \frac{1}{1+(\sqrt{x})^2} \cdot \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}} = \arctan\sqrt{x} + \frac{x}{1+x} \cdot \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}$$ 化简第二项: $$\frac{x}{1+x} \cdot \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}} = \frac{\sqrt{x}}{2(1+x)}$$ 所以 $$dy = \left( \arctan\sqrt{x} + \frac{\sqrt{x}}{2(1+x)} \right) dx$$

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### (4)$y=\ln \left( \tan \frac{x}{2} \right)$ $$y' = \frac{1}{\tan\frac{x}{2}} \cdot \sec^2\frac{x}{2} \cdot \frac12 = \frac{\cos\frac{x}{2}}{\sin\frac{x}{2}} \cdot \frac{1}{\cos^2\frac{x}{2}} \cdot \frac12 = \frac{1}{2\sin\frac{x}{2}\cos\frac{x}{2}} = \frac{1}{\sin x} = \csc x$$ 所以 $$dy = \csc x \, dx$$

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### (5)$y=1+x \mathrm{e}^{y}$ 隐函数求导:两边对 $x$ 求导 $$y' = \mathrm{e}^{y} + x \mathrm{e}^{y} y'$$ 移项: $$y' - x\mathrm{e}^{y} y' = \mathrm{e}^{y} \quad\Rightarrow\quad y'(1 - x\mathrm{e}^{y}) = \mathrm{e}^{y}$$ 所以 $$y' = \frac{\mathrm{e}^{y}}{1 - x\mathrm{e}^{y}}$$ 微分: $$dy = \frac{\mathrm{e}^{y}}{1 - x\mathrm{e}^{y}} \, dx$$

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### (6)$y^{2} \cos x = \sin 3x$ 两边对 $x$ 求导: $$2y y' \cos x - y^{2} \sin x = 3\cos 3x$$ 解出 $y'$: $$2y\cos x \cdot y' = 3\cos 3x + y^{2}\sin x$$ $$y' = \frac{3\cos 3x + y^{2}\sin x}{2y\cos x}$$ 所以 $$dy = \frac{3\cos 3x + y^{2}\sin x}{2y\cos x} \, dx$$

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### (7)$y=\frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^{2}}}$ $$y' = \frac{\sqrt{1+x^{2}} - x \cdot \frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^{2}}}}{1+x^{2}} = \frac{\frac{1+x^{2} - x^{2}}{\sqrt{1+x^{2}}}}{1+x^{2}} = \frac{1}{(1+x^{2})^{3/2}}$$ 所以 $$dy = \frac{1}{(1+x^{2})^{3/2}} \, dx$$

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### (8)$y=\frac{x^{3}-1}{x^{3}+1}$ $$y' = \frac{3x^{2}(x^{3}+1) - (x^{3}-1)3x^{2}}{(x^{3}+1)^{2}} = \frac{3x^{2}(x^{3}+1 - x^{3}+1)}{(x^{3}+1)^{2}} = \frac{6x^{2}}{(x^{3}+1)^{2}}$$ 所以 $$dy = \frac{6x^{2}}{(x^{3}+1)^{2}} \, dx$$

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### (9)$y=\tan^{2}(1+2x^{2})$ $$y' = 2\tan(1+2x^{2}) \cdot \sec^{2}(1+2x^{2}) \cdot 4x = 8x \tan(1+2x^{2}) \sec^{2}(1+2x^{2})$$ 所以 $$dy = 8x \tan(1+2x^{2}) \sec^{2}(1+2x^{2}) \, dx$$

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### (10)$y=3^{\ln(\tan x)}$ 取对数:$\ln y = \ln(\tan x) \cdot \ln 3$,求导: $$\frac{y'}{y} = \frac{\ln 3}{\tan x} \cdot \sec^{2}x = \ln 3 \cdot \frac{\sec^{2}x}{\tan x} = \frac{\ln 3}{\sin x \cos x} = \frac{2\ln 3}{\sin 2x}$$ 所以 $$y' = 3^{\ln(\tan x)} \cdot \frac{2\ln 3}{\sin 2x}$$ 微分: $$dy = 3^{\ln(\tan x)} \cdot \frac{2\ln 3}{\sin 2x} \, dx$$

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### (11)$y=x^{5x}$ 取对数:$\ln y = 5x \ln x$,求导: $$\frac{y'}{y} = 5\ln x + 5x \cdot \frac{1}{x} = 5\ln x + 5$$ 所以 $$y' = x^{5x} \cdot 5(\ln x + 1)$$ 微分: $$dy = 5x^{5x}(\ln x + 1) \, dx$$

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### (12)$\mathrm{e}^{\frac{x}{y}} - xy = 0$ 隐函数:$\mathrm{e}^{x/y} = xy$,两边对 $x$ 求导: $$\mathrm{e}^{x/y} \cdot \frac{y - x y'}{y^{2}} = y + x y'$$ 代入 $\mathrm