📝 题目
*3.用换元法计算下列不定积分: (1) $\displaystyle{\int} \frac{x}{(1+x)^{3}} \mathrm{~d} x$ ; (2) $\displaystyle{\int} \frac{x+2}{x^{2}+3 x+4} \mathrm{~d} x$ ; (3) $\displaystyle{\int}\left(1-\frac{1}{x^{2}}\right) \mathrm{e}^{x+\frac{1}{x}} \mathrm{~d} x$ ; (4) $\displaystyle{\int} \sqrt{\frac{\ln \left(x+\sqrt{1+x^{2}}\right)}{1+x^{2}}} \mathrm{~d} x$ ; (5) $\displaystyle{\int} \frac{\sin x+\cos x}{\sqrt[3]{\sin x-\cos x}} \mathrm{~d} x$ ; (6) $\displaystyle{\int} \frac{\cos x}{\sqrt{2+\cos 2 x}} \mathrm{~d} x$ ; (7) $\displaystyle{\int} \frac{x^{2}-1}{x^{4}+1} \mathrm{~d} x$ ; (8) $\displaystyle{\int} \frac{1}{1-x^{2}} \ln \frac{1+x}{1-x} \mathrm{~d} x$ ; (9) $\displaystyle{\int} \frac{\sqrt{x+2}}{1+\sqrt{x+2}} \mathrm{~d} x$ ; (10) $\displaystyle{\int} \sqrt{5-4 x-x^{2}} \mathrm{~d} x$ .
💡 答案与解析
[AI解答]
[AI解答]
以下为各小题的换元法求解过程:
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### (1) $$ \int \frac{x}{(1+x)^3} \, dx $$ 令 $ t = 1+x $,则 $ x = t-1 $,$ dx = dt $: $$ \int \frac{t-1}{t^3} \, dt = \int \left( t^{-2} - t^{-3} \right) dt = -t^{-1} + \frac{1}{2} t^{-2} + C $$ 代回 $ t = 1+x $: $$ = -\frac{1}{1+x} + \frac{1}{2(1+x)^2} + C $$
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### (2) $$ \int \frac{x+2}{x^2+3x+4} \, dx $$ 分母求导为 $ 2x+3 $,将分子改写: $$ x+2 = \frac{1}{2}(2x+3) + \frac{1}{2} $$ 因此: $$ \int \frac{x+2}{x^2+3x+4} dx = \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{2x+3}{x^2+3x+4} dx + \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{x^2+3x+4} dx $$ 第一项: $$ \frac{1}{2} \ln|x^2+3x+4| + C_1 $$ 第二项分母配方: $$ x^2+3x+4 = \left( x+\frac{3}{2} \right)^2 + \frac{7}{4} $$ 所以: $$ \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2}{\sqrt{7}} \arctan \frac{2x+3}{\sqrt{7}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{7}} \arctan \frac{2x+3}{\sqrt{7}} + C_2 $$ 结果为: $$ \frac{1}{2} \ln(x^2+3x+4) + \frac{1}{\sqrt{7}} \arctan\frac{2x+3}{\sqrt{7}} + C $$
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### (3) $$ \int \left(1 - \frac{1}{x^2}\right) e^{x+\frac{1}{x}} \, dx $$ 令 $ t = x + \frac{1}{x} $,则 $ dt = \left(1 - \frac{1}{x^2}\right) dx $,因此: $$ \int e^t \, dt = e^t + C = e^{x+\frac{1}{x}} + C $$
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### (4) $$ \int \sqrt{\frac{\ln(x+\sqrt{1+x^2})}{1+x^2}} \, dx $$ 令 $ t = \ln(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}) $,则 $ dt = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} dx $,但被积函数分母是 $ \sqrt{1+x^2} $,注意: $$ \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} dx = dt $$ 而原积分: $$ \int \sqrt{\frac{t}{1+x^2}} dx = \int \sqrt{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} dx = \int \sqrt{t} \, dt $$ 因此: $$ = \frac{2}{3} t^{3/2} + C = \frac{2}{3} \left[ \ln(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}) \right]^{3/2} + C $$
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### (5) $$ \int \frac{\sin x + \cos x}{\sqrt[3]{\sin x - \cos x}} \, dx $$ 令 $ t = \sin x - \cos x $,则 $ dt = (\cos x + \sin x) dx $,因此: $$ \int \frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{t}} \, dt = \int t^{-1/3} dt = \frac{3}{2} t^{2/3} + C $$ 代回: $$ = \frac{3}{2} (\sin x - \cos x)^{2/3} + C $$
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### (6) $$ \int \frac{\cos x}{\sqrt{2+\cos 2x}} \, dx $$ 利用 $ \cos 2x = 2\cos^2 x - 1 $,则: $$ 2 + \cos 2x = 2 + 2\cos^2 x - 1 = 1 + 2\cos^2 x $$ 令 $ t = \sin x $,则 $ dt = \cos x \, dx $,且 $ \cos^2 x = 1 - t^2 $,于是: $$ \int \frac{dt}{\sqrt{1+2(1-t^2)}} = \int \frac{dt}{\sqrt{3 - 2t^2}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \int \frac{dt}{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2} - t^2}} $$ 因此: $$ = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \arcsin\left( \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}} t \right) + C = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \arcsin\left( \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}} \sin x \right) + C $$
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### (7) $$ \int \frac{x^2 - 1}{x^4 + 1} \, dx $$ 分子分母同除以 $ x^2 $: $$ \int \frac{1 - \frac{1}{x^2}}{x^2 + \frac{1}{x^2}} dx $$ 令 $ t = x + \frac{1}{x} $,则 $ dt = \left(1 - \frac{1}{x^2}\right) dx $,且: $$ x^2 + \frac{1}{x^2} = t^2 - 2 $$ 因此: $$ \int \frac{dt}{t^2 - 2} = \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}} \ln\left| \frac{t - \sqrt{2}}{t + \sqrt{2}} \right| + C $$ 代回: $$ = \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}} \ln\left| \frac{x + \frac{1}{x} - \sqrt{2}}{x + \frac{1}{x} + \sqrt{2}} \right| + C $$
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### (8) $$ \int \frac{1}{1-x^2} \ln\frac{1+x}{1-x} \, dx $$ 令 $ t = \ln\frac{1+x}{1-x} $,则: $$ dt = \frac{1}{1+x} + \frac{1}{1-x} dx = \frac{2}{1-x^2} dx $$ 所以: $$ \frac{1}{1-x^2} dx = \frac{1}{2} dt $$ 原积分: $$ \int t \cdot \frac{1}{2} dt = \frac{1}{4} t^2 + C = \frac{1}{4} \left[ \ln\frac{1+x}{1-x} \right]^2 + C $$
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### (9) $$ \int \frac{\sqrt{x+2}}{1+\sqrt{x+2}} \, dx $$ 令 $ t = \sqrt{x+2} $,则 $ x = t^2 - 2 $,$ dx = 2t \, dt $: $$ \int \frac{t}{1+t} \cdot 2t \, dt = 2 \int \frac{t^2}{1+t} dt $$ 做多项式除法: $$ \frac{t^2}{1+t} = t - 1 + \frac{1}{1+t} $$ 因此: $$ 2 \int \left( t - 1 + \frac{1}{1+t} \right) dt = 2\left( \frac{t^2}{2} - t + \ln|1+t| \right) + C $$ 代回: $$ = (x+2) - 2\sqrt{x+2} + 2\ln(1+\sqrt{x+2}) + C $$
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### (10) $$ \int \sqrt{5 - 4x - x^2} \, dx $$ 先配方: $$ 5 - 4x - x^2 = -(x^2 + 4x - 5) = -( (x+2)^2 - 9 ) = 9 - (x+2)^2 $$ 令 $ t = x+2 $,则: $$ \int \sqrt{9 - t^2} \, dt $$ 用公式: $$ \int \sqrt{a^2 - t^2} dt = \frac{t}{2} \sqrt{a^2 - t^2