人邮高数 第6章 第6-3-1题
📝 题目
1.下列函数确定了 $z$ 是 $t$ 的函数,求 $\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d} z}{\mathrm{~d} t}$ .
(1)$z=\mathrm{e}^{u v}, u=\sin t, v=\cos t$ ;
(2)设 $z=\arcsin \left(x-y^{2}\right), x=3 t, y=4 t^{2}$ ;
(3)$z=\ln (x+y)+\arctan t, x=2 t, y=2 t^{3}$ ;
(4)$\displaystyle z=\tan \left(3 t+2 x^{2}-y^{2}\right), x=\frac{1}{t}, y=\sqrt{t}$ .
💡 答案解析
[AI解答]
[AI解答]
以下为各小题的详细解答过程。
---
(1)
已知
$z = \mathrm{e}^{uv}$,$u = \sin t$,$v = \cos t$。
则
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{\mathrm{d}t} = \frac{\partial z}{\partial u} \frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t} + \frac{\partial z}{\partial v} \frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}t}
$$
计算偏导数:
$$
\frac{\partial z}{\partial u} = v \mathrm{e}^{uv}, \quad \frac{\partial z}{\partial v} = u \mathrm{e}^{uv}
$$
又
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t} = \cos t, \quad \frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}t} = -\sin t
$$
代入得
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{\mathrm{d}t} = v \mathrm{e}^{uv} \cos t + u \mathrm{e}^{uv} (-\sin t) = \mathrm{e}^{uv} (v \cos t - u \sin t)
$$
将 $u=\sin t$,$v=\cos t$ 代入:
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{\mathrm{d}t} = \mathrm{e}^{\sin t \cos t} (\cos^2 t - \sin^2 t) = \mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\sin 2t} \cos 2t
$$
---
(2)
已知
$z = \arcsin(x - y^2)$,$x = 3t$,$y = 4t^2$。
则
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{\mathrm{d}t} = \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} + \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}t}
$$
计算偏导数:
$$
\frac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - (x - y^2)^2}}, \quad \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \frac{-2y}{\sqrt{1 - (x - y^2)^2}}
$$
又
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} = 3, \quad \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}t} = 8t
$$
代入得
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{\mathrm{d}t} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - (x - y^2)^2}} \cdot 3 + \frac{-2y}{\sqrt{1 - (x - y^2)^2}} \cdot 8t
$$
将 $x=3t$,$y=4t^2$ 代入:
$$
x - y^2 = 3t - 16t^4
$$
所以
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{\mathrm{d}t} = \frac{3 - 2(4t^2)(8t)}{\sqrt{1 - (3t - 16t^4)^2}} = \frac{3 - 64t^3}{\sqrt{1 - (3t - 16t^4)^2}}
$$
---
(3)
已知
$z = \ln(x+y) + \arctan t$,$x = 2t$,$y = 2t^3$。
则
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{\mathrm{d}t} = \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} + \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}t} + \frac{\partial z}{\partial t}
$$
注意这里 $t$ 也直接出现在 $z$ 中,所以有直接偏导项。
计算:
$$
\frac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \frac{1}{x+y}, \quad \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} = \frac{1}{x+y}, \quad \frac{\partial z}{\partial t} = \frac{1}{1+t^2}
$$
又
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} = 2, \quad \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}t} = 6t^2
$$
代入得
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{\mathrm{d}t} = \frac{1}{x+y} \cdot 2 + \frac{1}{x+y} \cdot 6t^2 + \frac{1}{1+t^2}
$$
将 $x=2t$,$y=2t^3$ 代入:
$$
x+y = 2t + 2t^3 = 2t(1+t^2)
$$
所以
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{\mathrm{d}t} = \frac{2 + 6t^2}{2t(1+t^2)} + \frac{1}{1+t^2} = \frac{1 + 3t^2}{t(1+t^2)} + \frac{1}{1+t^2}
$$
通分:
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{\mathrm{d}t} = \frac{1 + 3t^2 + t}{t(1+t^2)}
$$
---
(4)
已知
$z = \tan(3t + 2x^2 - y^2)$,$\displaystyle x = \frac{1}{t}$,$y = \sqrt{t}$。
则
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{\mathrm{d}t} = \sec^2(3t + 2x^2 - y^2) \cdot \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}(3t + 2x^2 - y^2)
$$
计算内部导数:
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}(3t) = 3
$$
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}(2x^2) = 4x \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}, \quad x = t^{-1} \Rightarrow \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} = -t^{-2}
$$
所以
$$
4x \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} = 4 \cdot \frac{1}{t} \cdot \left(-\frac{1}{t^2}\right) = -\frac{4}{t^3}
$$
又
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}(-y^2) = -2y \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}t}, \quad y = t^{1/2} \Rightarrow \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}t} = \frac{1}{2\sqrt{t}}
$$
所以
$$
-2y \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}t} = -2 \cdot \sqrt{t} \cdot \frac{1}{2\sqrt{t}} = -1
$$
因此
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}(3t + 2x^2 - y^2) = 3 - \frac{4}{t^3} - 1 = 2 - \frac{4}{t^3}
$$
于是
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{\mathrm{d}t} = \sec^2\left(3t + \frac{2}{t^2} - t\right) \cdot \left(2 - \frac{4}{t^3}\right)
$$
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难度评级:★★☆☆☆
涉及多元复合函数求导,但均为直接代入公式,计算量不大。
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