同济高数 第11章 第11-3-2题
📝 题目
2.利用曲线积分,求下列曲线所围成的图形的面积:
(1)星形线 $x=a \cos ^{3} t, y=a \sin ^{3} t$ ;
(2)椭圆 $9 x^{2}+16 y^{2}=144$ ;
(3)圆 $x^{2}+y^{2}=2 a x$ .
💡 答案解析
[AI解答]
[AI解答]
(1)星形线
参数方程:
$$
x = a\cos^3 t,\quad y = a\sin^3 t,\quad t\in[0,2\pi]
$$
利用面积公式
$$
A = \frac12\oint_C (x\,dy - y\,dx)
$$
先计算微分:
$$
dx = -3a\cos^2 t \sin t\,dt,\quad dy = 3a\sin^2 t \cos t\,dt
$$
则
$$
x\,dy = a\cos^3 t \cdot 3a\sin^2 t\cos t\,dt = 3a^2\cos^4 t\sin^2 t\,dt
$$
$$
y\,dx = a\sin^3 t \cdot (-3a\cos^2 t\sin t)\,dt = -3a^2\cos^2 t\sin^4 t\,dt
$$
于是
$$
x\,dy - y\,dx = 3a^2(\cos^4 t\sin^2 t + \cos^2 t\sin^4 t)\,dt
= 3a^2\cos^2 t\sin^2 t(\cos^2 t + \sin^2 t)\,dt
= 3a^2\cos^2 t\sin^2 t\,dt
$$
所以
$$
A = \frac12\int_0^{2\pi} 3a^2\cos^2 t\sin^2 t\,dt
= \frac{3a^2}{2}\int_0^{2\pi} \frac14 \sin^2 2t\,dt
= \frac{3a^2}{8}\int_0^{2\pi} \frac{1-\cos 4t}{2}\,dt
$$
$$
= \frac{3a^2}{16}\left[ t - \frac14\sin 4t \right]_0^{2\pi}
= \frac{3a^2}{16}\cdot 2\pi = \frac{3\pi a^2}{8}
$$
因此星形线面积为 $\frac{3\pi a^2}{8}$。
---
(2)椭圆
方程化为标准形式:
$$
\frac{x^2}{16} + \frac{y^2}{9} = 1
$$
取参数方程
$$
x = 4\cos\theta,\quad y = 3\sin\theta,\quad \theta\in[0,2\pi]
$$
则
$$
dx = -4\sin\theta\,d\theta,\quad dy = 3\cos\theta\,d\theta
$$
$$
x\,dy - y\,dx = 4\cos\theta\cdot 3\cos\theta\,d\theta - 3\sin\theta\cdot(-4\sin\theta)\,d\theta
= 12\cos^2\theta\,d\theta + 12\sin^2\theta\,d\theta = 12\,d\theta
$$
面积
$$
A = \frac12\oint (x\,dy - y\,dx) = \frac12\int_0^{2\pi} 12\,d\theta = 6\cdot 2\pi = 12\pi
$$
因此椭圆面积为 $12\pi$。
---
(3)圆
方程:
$$
x^2 + y^2 = 2ax \quad\Rightarrow\quad (x-a)^2 + y^2 = a^2
$$
参数方程:
$$
x = a + a\cos\theta,\quad y = a\sin\theta,\quad \theta\in[0,2\pi]
$$
则
$$
dx = -a\sin\theta\,d\theta,\quad dy = a\cos\theta\,d\theta
$$
$$
x\,dy - y\,dx = (a + a\cos\theta)\cdot a\cos\theta\,d\theta - a\sin\theta\cdot(-a\sin\theta)\,d\theta
$$
$$
= a^2\cos\theta + a^2\cos^2\theta + a^2\sin^2\theta = a^2\cos\theta + a^2
$$
面积
$$
A = \frac12\int_0^{2\pi} (a^2\cos\theta + a^2)\,d\theta
= \frac{a^2}{2}\left[ \sin\theta + \theta \right]_0^{2\pi}
= \frac{a^2}{2}\cdot 2\pi = \pi a^2
$$
因此圆的面积为 $\pi a^2$。