同济高数 第3章 第3-2-1题
📝 题目
1.用洛必达法则求下列极限:
(1) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\ln (1+x)}{x}$ ;
(2) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\mathrm{e}^{x}-\mathrm{e}^{-x}}{\sin x}$ ;
(3) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\tan x-x}{x-\sin x}$ ;
(4) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow \pi \tan 5 x} \frac{\sin 3 x}{5 x}$ ;
(5) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{\ln \sin x}{(\pi-2 x)^{2}}$ ;
(6) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow a} \frac{x^{m}-a^{m}}{x^{n}-a^{n}}(a \neq 0)$ ;
(7) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0^{+}} \frac{\ln \tan 7 x}{\ln \tan 2 x}$ ;
(8) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{\tan x}{\tan 3 x}$ ;
(9) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow+\infty} \frac{\ln \left(1+\frac{1}{x}\right)}{\operatorname{arccot} x}$ ;
(10) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\ln \left(1+x^{2}\right)}{\sec x-\cos x}$ ;
(11) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} x \cot 2 x$ ;
(12) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} x^{2} \mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{x^{2}}}$ ;
(13) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 1}\left(\frac{2}{x^{2}-1}-\frac{1}{x-1}\right)$ ;
(14) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0}\left(\mathrm{e}^{x}+x\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}$ ;
(15) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0^{+}} x^{\sin x}$ ;
(16) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0^{+}}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)^{\tan x}$ .
💡 答案解析
[AI解答]
[AI解答]
以下是用洛必达法则求各极限的完整步骤。
---
(1)
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\ln(1+x)}{x}
$$
此为 $\frac{0}{0}$ 型,用洛必达法则:
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\frac{1}{1+x}}{1} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{1+x} = 1
$$
---
(2)
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x - e^{-x}}{\sin x}
$$
$\frac{0}{0}$ 型,洛必达:
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x + e^{-x}}{\cos x} = \frac{1+1}{1} = 2
$$
---
(3)
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\tan x - x}{x - \sin x}
$$
$\frac{0}{0}$ 型,洛必达:
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sec^2 x - 1}{1 - \cos x}
$$
仍为 $\frac{0}{0}$,再洛必达:
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2\sec^2 x \tan x}{\sin x}
$$
注意 $\sec^2 x \to 1$,且 $\frac{\tan x}{\sin x} = \frac{1}{\cos x} \to 1$,故极限为:
$$
2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 = 2
$$
---
(4)
题目可能有误,应为:
$$
\lim_{x \to \pi} \frac{\sin 3x}{\tan 5x}
$$
$\frac{0}{0}$ 型,洛必达:
$$
\lim_{x \to \pi} \frac{3\cos 3x}{5\sec^2 5x} = \frac{3 \cdot (-1)}{5 \cdot 1} = -\frac{3}{5}
$$
---
(5)
$$
\lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{\ln \sin x}{(\pi - 2x)^2}
$$
令 $t = \frac{\pi}{2} - x \to 0$,则 $\sin x = \cos t$,$\ln \sin x \sim \ln(1 - \frac{t^2}{2}) \sim -\frac{t^2}{2}$,分母为 $(2t)^2 = 4t^2$,故极限:
$$
\frac{-\frac{1}{2}t^2}{4t^2} = -\frac{1}{8}
$$
---
(6)
$$
\lim_{x \to a} \frac{x^m - a^m}{x^n - a^n}, \quad a \neq 0
$$
$\frac{0}{0}$ 型,洛必达:
$$
\lim_{x \to a} \frac{m x^{m-1}}{n x^{n-1}} = \frac{m}{n} a^{m-n}
$$
---
(7)
$$
\lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{\ln \tan 7x}{\ln \tan 2x}
$$
$\frac{-\infty}{-\infty}$ 型,洛必达:
$$
\lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{\frac{7 \sec^2 7x}{\tan 7x}}{\frac{2 \sec^2 2x}{\tan 2x}} = \lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{7 \cdot \frac{1}{\sin 7x \cos 7x}}{2 \cdot \frac{1}{\sin 2x \cos 2x}}
$$
利用 $\sin \theta \sim \theta$,$\cos \theta \to 1$,得:
$$
\frac{7}{2} \cdot \frac{2x}{7x} = 1
$$
---
(8)
$$
\lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{\tan x}{\tan 3x}
$$
令 $t = \frac{\pi}{2} - x \to 0$,则 $\tan x = \cot t \sim \frac{1}{t}$,$\tan 3x = \tan\left(\frac{3\pi}{2} - 3t\right) = \cot 3t \sim \frac{1}{3t}$,故极限:
$$
\frac{1/t}{1/(3t)} = 3
$$
---
(9)
$$
\lim_{x \to +\infty} \frac{\ln\left(1+\frac{1}{x}\right)}{\operatorname{arccot} x}
$$
$\frac{0}{0}$ 型,洛必达:
$$
\lim_{x \to +\infty} \frac{-\frac{1}{x(x+1)}}{-\frac{1}{1+x^2}} = \lim_{x \to +\infty} \frac{1+x^2}{x(x+1)} = 1
$$
---
(10)
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\ln(1+x^2)}{\sec x - \cos x}
$$
$\frac{0}{0}$ 型,洛必达:
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\frac{2x}{1+x^2}}{\sec x \tan x + \sin x}
$$
当 $x \to 0$,分子 $\sim 2x$,分母中 $\sec x \tan x \sim x$,$\sin x \sim x$,故分母 $\sim 2x$,极限为:
$$
1
$$
---
(11)
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} x \cot 2x = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x}{\tan 2x}
$$
$\frac{0}{0}$ 型,洛必达:
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{2\sec^2 2x} = \frac{1}{2}
$$
---
(12)
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} x^2 e^{\frac{1}{x^2}}
$$
令 $t = \frac{1}{x^2} \to +\infty$,则原式 $= \lim_{t \to +\infty} \frac{e^t}{t} = +\infty$
---
(13)
$$
\lim_{x \to 1} \left( \frac{2}{x^2-1} - \frac{1}{x-1} \right)
$$
通分:
$$
\frac{2 - (x+1)}{(x-1)(x+1)} = \frac{1-x}{(x-1)(x+1)} = -\frac{1}{x+1} \to -\frac{1}{2}
$$
---
(14)
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} (e^x + x)^{\frac{1}{x}}
$$
取对数:$\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\ln(e^x + x)}{x}$,$\frac{0}{0}$ 型,洛必达:
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x + 1}{e^x + x} = 2
$$
故原极限为 $e^2$
---
(15)
$$
\lim_{x \to 0^+} x^{\sin x}
$$
取对数:$\lim_{x \to 0^+} \sin x \ln x$,$\sin x \sim x$,故为 $\lim_{x \to 0^+} x \ln x = 0$,原极限为 $e^0 = 1$
---
(16)
$$
\lim_{x \to 0^+} \left( \frac{1}{x} \right)^{\tan x}
$$
取对数:$\lim_{x \to 0^+} \tan x \ln(1/x) = \lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{-\ln x}{\cot x}$,$\frac{\infty}{\infty}$ 型,洛必达:
$$
\lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{-1/x}{-\csc^2 x} = \lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{\sin^2 x}{x} = 0
$$
故原极限为 $e^0 = 1$
---
难度评级:★★☆☆☆
大部分为直接或一次洛必达即可解决,少数需变形或多次求导,但整体思路常规。