📝 题目
3.求下列极限: (1) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} \sqrt{x^{2}-2 x+5}$ ; (2) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{\alpha \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{4}}(\sin 2 \alpha)^{3}$ ; (3) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{6}} \ln (2 \cos 2 x)$ ; (4) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sqrt{x+1}-1}{x}$ ; (5) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{\sqrt{5 x-4}-\sqrt{x}}{x-1}$ ; (6) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow \alpha} \frac{\sin x-\sin \alpha}{x-\alpha}$ ; (7) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow+\infty}\left(\sqrt{x^{2}+x}-\sqrt{x^{2}-x}\right)$ ; (8) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\left(1-\frac{1}{2} x^{2}\right)^{\frac{2}{3}}-1}{x \ln (1+x)}$ .
💡 答案与解析
[AI解答]
[AI解答]
以下是各极限的求解过程:
(1) $$ \displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 0} \sqrt{x^{2}-2 x+5} $$ 由于根号内函数连续,直接代入 $x=0$: $$ \sqrt{0^2 - 2\cdot 0 + 5} = \sqrt{5} $$ 难度:★☆☆☆☆
(2) $$ \displaystyle{\lim}_{\alpha \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{4}}(\sin 2 \alpha)^{3} $$ 代入 $\alpha = \frac{\pi}{4}$,则 $2\alpha = \frac{\pi}{2}$,$\sin\frac{\pi}{2}=1$,所以 $$ 1^3 = 1 $$ 难度:★☆☆☆☆
(3) $$ \displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{6}} \ln (2 \cos 2 x) $$ 代入 $x=\frac{\pi}{6}$,则 $2x = \frac{\pi}{3}$,$\cos\frac{\pi}{3} = \frac12$,于是 $$ 2\cos\frac{\pi}{3} = 1,\quad \ln 1 = 0 $$ 难度:★☆☆☆☆
(4) $$ \displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sqrt{x+1}-1}{x} $$ 分子有理化: $$ \frac{\sqrt{x+1}-1}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{x+1}+1}{\sqrt{x+1}+1} = \frac{(x+1)-1}{x(\sqrt{x+1}+1)} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x+1}+1} $$ 当 $x\to 0$ 时,极限为 $$ \frac{1}{1+1} = \frac12 $$ 难度:★★☆☆☆
(5) $$ \displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{\sqrt{5 x-4}-\sqrt{x}}{x-1} $$ 分子有理化: $$ \frac{(\sqrt{5x-4}-\sqrt{x})(\sqrt{5x-4}+\sqrt{x})}{(x-1)(\sqrt{5x-4}+\sqrt{x})} = \frac{5x-4 - x}{(x-1)(\sqrt{5x-4}+\sqrt{x})} = \frac{4(x-1)}{(x-1)(\sqrt{5x-4}+\sqrt{x})} $$ 约去 $x-1$,得 $$ \frac{4}{\sqrt{5x-4}+\sqrt{x}} \xrightarrow{x\to 1} \frac{4}{\sqrt{1}+\sqrt{1}} = \frac{4}{2} = 2 $$ 难度:★★☆☆☆
(6) $$ \displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow \alpha} \frac{\sin x-\sin \alpha}{x-\alpha} $$ 利用和差化积: $$ \sin x - \sin \alpha = 2\cos\frac{x+\alpha}{2}\sin\frac{x-\alpha}{2} $$ 于是 $$ \frac{\sin x - \sin \alpha}{x-\alpha} = \frac{2\cos\frac{x+\alpha}{2}\sin\frac{x-\alpha}{2}}{x-\alpha} = \cos\frac{x+\alpha}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin\frac{x-\alpha}{2}}{\frac{x-\alpha}{2}} $$ 当 $x\to\alpha$ 时,$\frac{\sin\frac{x-\alpha}{2}}{\frac{x-\alpha}{2}} \to 1$,且 $\cos\frac{x+\alpha}{2} \to \cos\alpha$,故极限为 $$ \cos\alpha $$ 难度:★★★☆☆
(7) $$ \displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow+\infty}\left(\sqrt{x^{2}+x}-\sqrt{x^{2}-x}\right) $$ 分子有理化: $$ \frac{(x^2+x)-(x^2-x)}{\sqrt{x^2+x}+\sqrt{x^2-x}} = \frac{2x}{\sqrt{x^2+x}+\sqrt{x^2-x}} $$ 当 $x\to +\infty$,分母 $\sim x + x = 2x$,所以极限为 $$ \frac{2x}{2x} = 1 $$ 更严谨地: $$ \frac{2x}{x\sqrt{1+\frac1x}+x\sqrt{1-\frac1x}} = \frac{2}{\sqrt{1+\frac1x}+\sqrt{1-\frac1x}} \to \frac{2}{1+1}=1 $$ 难度:★★★☆☆
(8) $$ \displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\left(1-\frac{1}{2} x^{2}\right)^{\frac{2}{3}}-1}{x \ln (1+x)} $$ 当 $x\to 0$ 时,$\ln(1+x)\sim x$,分母 $\sim x^2$。 分子用等价无穷小:$(1+u)^k -1 \sim k u$,这里 $u = -\frac12 x^2$,$k=\frac23$,所以 $$ \left(1-\frac12 x^2\right)^{\frac23} -1 \sim \frac23 \cdot \left(-\frac12 x^2\right) = -\frac13 x^2 $$ 因此原极限 $$ \sim \frac{-\frac13 x^2}{x \cdot x} = -\frac13 $$ 难度:★★★★☆
最终答案: (1)$\sqrt{5}$ (2)$1$ (3)$0$ (4)$\frac12$ (5)$2$ (6)$\cos\alpha$ (7)$1$ (8)$-\frac13$