第3章 · 第3-2-1题

exercise

📝 题目

1.用洛必达法则求下列极限: (1) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\ln (1+x)}{x}$ ; (2) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\mathrm{e}^{x}-\mathrm{e}^{-x}}{\sin x}$ ; (3) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\tan x-x}{x-\sin x}$ ; (4) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow \pi \tan 5 x} \frac{\sin 3 x}{5 x}$ ; (5) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{\ln \sin x}{(\pi-2 x)^{2}}$ ; (6) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow a} \frac{x^{m}-a^{m}}{x^{n}-a^{n}}(a \neq 0)$ ; (7) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0^{+}} \frac{\ln \tan 7 x}{\ln \tan 2 x}$ ; (8) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{\tan x}{\tan 3 x}$ ; (9) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow+\infty} \frac{\ln \left(1+\frac{1}{x}\right)}{\operatorname{arccot} x}$ ; (10) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\ln \left(1+x^{2}\right)}{\sec x-\cos x}$ ; (11) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} x \cot 2 x$ ; (12) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} x^{2} \mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{x^{2}}}$ ; (13) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 1}\left(\frac{2}{x^{2}-1}-\frac{1}{x-1}\right)$ ; (14) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0}\left(\mathrm{e}^{x}+x\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}$ ; (15) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0^{+}} x^{\sin x}$ ; (16) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0^{+}}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)^{\tan x}$ .

💡 答案与解析

[AI解答]

[AI解答]

以下是用洛必达法则求各极限的完整步骤。

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### (1) $$ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\ln(1+x)}{x} $$ 此为 $\frac{0}{0}$ 型,用洛必达法则: $$ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\frac{1}{1+x}}{1} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{1+x} = 1 $$

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### (2) $$ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x - e^{-x}}{\sin x} $$ $\frac{0}{0}$ 型,洛必达: $$ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x + e^{-x}}{\cos x} = \frac{1+1}{1} = 2 $$

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### (3) $$ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\tan x - x}{x - \sin x} $$ $\frac{0}{0}$ 型,洛必达: $$ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sec^2 x - 1}{1 - \cos x} $$ 仍为 $\frac{0}{0}$,再洛必达: $$ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2\sec^2 x \tan x}{\sin x} $$ 注意 $\sec^2 x \to 1$,且 $\frac{\tan x}{\sin x} = \frac{1}{\cos x} \to 1$,故极限为: $$ 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 = 2 $$

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### (4) 题目可能有误,应为: $$ \lim_{x \to \pi} \frac{\sin 3x}{\tan 5x} $$ $\frac{0}{0}$ 型,洛必达: $$ \lim_{x \to \pi} \frac{3\cos 3x}{5\sec^2 5x} = \frac{3 \cdot (-1)}{5 \cdot 1} = -\frac{3}{5} $$

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### (5) $$ \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{\ln \sin x}{(\pi - 2x)^2} $$ 令 $t = \frac{\pi}{2} - x \to 0$,则 $\sin x = \cos t$,$\ln \sin x \sim \ln(1 - \frac{t^2}{2}) \sim -\frac{t^2}{2}$,分母为 $(2t)^2 = 4t^2$,故极限: $$ \frac{-\frac{1}{2}t^2}{4t^2} = -\frac{1}{8} $$

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### (6) $$ \lim_{x \to a} \frac{x^m - a^m}{x^n - a^n}, \quad a \neq 0 $$ $\frac{0}{0}$ 型,洛必达: $$ \lim_{x \to a} \frac{m x^{m-1}}{n x^{n-1}} = \frac{m}{n} a^{m-n} $$

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### (7) $$ \lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{\ln \tan 7x}{\ln \tan 2x} $$ $\frac{-\infty}{-\infty}$ 型,洛必达: $$ \lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{\frac{7 \sec^2 7x}{\tan 7x}}{\frac{2 \sec^2 2x}{\tan 2x}} = \lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{7 \cdot \frac{1}{\sin 7x \cos 7x}}{2 \cdot \frac{1}{\sin 2x \cos 2x}} $$ 利用 $\sin \theta \sim \theta$,$\cos \theta \to 1$,得: $$ \frac{7}{2} \cdot \frac{2x}{7x} = 1 $$

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### (8) $$ \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{\tan x}{\tan 3x} $$ 令 $t = \frac{\pi}{2} - x \to 0$,则 $\tan x = \cot t \sim \frac{1}{t}$,$\tan 3x = \tan\left(\frac{3\pi}{2} - 3t\right) = \cot 3t \sim \frac{1}{3t}$,故极限: $$ \frac{1/t}{1/(3t)} = 3 $$

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### (9) $$ \lim_{x \to +\infty} \frac{\ln\left(1+\frac{1}{x}\right)}{\operatorname{arccot} x} $$ $\frac{0}{0}$ 型,洛必达: $$ \lim_{x \to +\infty} \frac{-\frac{1}{x(x+1)}}{-\frac{1}{1+x^2}} = \lim_{x \to +\infty} \frac{1+x^2}{x(x+1)} = 1 $$

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### (10) $$ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\ln(1+x^2)}{\sec x - \cos x} $$ $\frac{0}{0}$ 型,洛必达: $$ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\frac{2x}{1+x^2}}{\sec x \tan x + \sin x} $$ 当 $x \to 0$,分子 $\sim 2x$,分母中 $\sec x \tan x \sim x$,$\sin x \sim x$,故分母 $\sim 2x$,极限为: $$ 1 $$

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### (11) $$ \lim_{x \to 0} x \cot 2x = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x}{\tan 2x} $$ $\frac{0}{0}$ 型,洛必达: $$ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{2\sec^2 2x} = \frac{1}{2} $$

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### (12) $$ \lim_{x \to 0} x^2 e^{\frac{1}{x^2}} $$ 令 $t = \frac{1}{x^2} \to +\infty$,则原式 $= \lim_{t \to +\infty} \frac{e^t}{t} = +\infty$

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### (13) $$ \lim_{x \to 1} \left( \frac{2}{x^2-1} - \frac{1}{x-1} \right) $$ 通分: $$ \frac{2 - (x+1)}{(x-1)(x+1)} = \frac{1-x}{(x-1)(x+1)} = -\frac{1}{x+1} \to -\frac{1}{2} $$

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### (14) $$ \lim_{x \to 0} (e^x + x)^{\frac{1}{x}} $$ 取对数:$\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\ln(e^x + x)}{x}$,$\frac{0}{0}$ 型,洛必达: $$ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x + 1}{e^x + x} = 2 $$ 故原极限为 $e^2$

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### (15) $$ \lim_{x \to 0^+} x^{\sin x} $$ 取对数:$\lim_{x \to 0^+} \sin x \ln x$,$\sin x \sim x$,故为 $\lim_{x \to 0^+} x \ln x = 0$,原极限为 $e^0 = 1$

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### (16) $$ \lim_{x \to 0^+} \left( \frac{1}{x} \right)^{\tan x} $$ 取对数:$\lim_{x \to 0^+} \tan x \ln(1/x) = \lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{-\ln x}{\cot x}$,$\frac{\infty}{\infty}$ 型,洛必达: $$ \lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{-1/x}{-\csc^2 x} = \lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{\sin^2 x}{x} = 0 $$ 故原极限为 $e^0 = 1$

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**难度评级:★★☆☆☆** 大部分为直接或一次洛必达即可解决,少数需变形或多次求导,但整体思路常规。