第3章 · 第3-4-*12题

exercise

📝 题目

*12.试证明曲线 $y=\frac{x-1}{x^{2}+1}$ 有三个拐点位于同一直线上.

💡 答案与解析

[AI解答]

[AI解答] 我们首先求函数 $ y = \frac{x-1}{x^2+1} $ 的二阶导数,并找出拐点条件。

**第一步:求一阶导数** 使用商法则: $$ y' = \frac{(1)(x^2+1) - (x-1)(2x)}{(x^2+1)^2} = \frac{x^2+1 - 2x^2 + 2x}{(x^2+1)^2} = \frac{-x^2 + 2x + 1}{(x^2+1)^2}. $$

**第二步:求二阶导数** 对 $ y' $ 再求导: $$ y'' = \frac{(-2x+2)(x^2+1)^2 - (-x^2+2x+1)\cdot 2(x^2+1)\cdot 2x}{(x^2+1)^4}. $$ 提取公因式 $(x^2+1)$: $$ y'' = \frac{(-2x+2)(x^2+1) - 4x(-x^2+2x+1)}{(x^2+1)^3}. $$ 展开分子: $$ (-2x+2)(x^2+1) = -2x^3 -2x + 2x^2 + 2, $$ $$ -4x(-x^2+2x+1) = 4x^3 - 8x^2 - 4x. $$ 相加得: $$ (-2x^3+4x^3) + (2x^2-8x^2) + (-2x-4x) + 2 = 2x^3 - 6x^2 - 6x + 2. $$ 因此: $$ y'' = \frac{2x^3 - 6x^2 - 6x + 2}{(x^2+1)^3}. $$

**第三步:求拐点横坐标** 令分子为零: $$ 2x^3 - 6x^2 - 6x + 2 = 0 \quad\Rightarrow\quad x^3 - 3x^2 - 3x + 1 = 0. $$ 观察得 $ x=1 $ 是一个根,因式分解: $$ (x-1)(x^2 - 2x - 1) = 0. $$ 解得: $$ x_1 = 1,\quad x_2 = 1+\sqrt{2},\quad x_3 = 1-\sqrt{2}. $$ 这三个值互异,且分母 $(x^2+1)^3>0$,因此二阶导数变号,均为拐点。

**第四步:求对应纵坐标并验证共线** 计算: $$ y(1) = \frac{0}{2} = 0, $$ $$ y(1+\sqrt{2}) = \frac{(1+\sqrt{2})-1}{(1+\sqrt{2})^2+1} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{(3+2\sqrt{2})+1} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4+2\sqrt{2}} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2(2+\sqrt{2})}. $$ 有理化: $$ \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2(2+\sqrt{2})} \cdot \frac{2-\sqrt{2}}{2-\sqrt{2}} = \frac{\sqrt{2}(2-\sqrt{2})}{2(4-2)} = \frac{2\sqrt{2} - 2}{4} = \frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{2}. $$ 同理: $$ y(1-\sqrt{2}) = \frac{-\sqrt{2}}{(1-\sqrt{2})^2+1} = \frac{-\sqrt{2}}{(3-2\sqrt{2})+1} = \frac{-\sqrt{2}}{4-2\sqrt{2}} = \frac{-\sqrt{2}}{2(2-\sqrt{2})}. $$ 有理化: $$ \frac{-\sqrt{2}}{2(2-\sqrt{2})} \cdot \frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{2+\sqrt{2}} = \frac{-\sqrt{2}(2+\sqrt{2})}{2(4-2)} = \frac{-2\sqrt{2} - 2}{4} = -\frac{\sqrt{2}+1}{2}. $$ 因此三个拐点为: $$ A(1,0),\quad B\left(1+\sqrt{2},\ \frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{2}\right),\quad C\left(1-\sqrt{2},\ -\frac{\sqrt{2}+1}{2}\right). $$

**第五步:验证共线** 计算向量 $ \overrightarrow{AB} $ 和 $ \overrightarrow{AC} $: $$ \overrightarrow{AB} = \left(\sqrt{2},\ \frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{2}\right),\quad \overrightarrow{AC} = \left(-\sqrt{2},\ -\frac{\sqrt{2}+1}{2}\right). $$ 检查是否成比例: 若存在常数 $ k $ 使 $ \overrightarrow{AC} = k \overrightarrow{AB} $,则横坐标比: $$ k = \frac{-\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}} = -1. $$ 纵坐标比: $$ \frac{-\frac{\sqrt{2}+1}{2}}{\frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{2}} = -\frac{\sqrt{2}+1}{\sqrt{2}-1}. $$ 有理化分母: $$ -\frac{(\sqrt{2}+1)^2}{2-1} = -(3+2\sqrt{2}) \neq -1. $$ 这说明直接用向量比例判断似乎不一致,但三点共线也可以由斜率相等验证。

计算 $ AB $ 斜率: $$ m_{AB} = \frac{\frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{2} - 0}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{2\sqrt{2}}. $$ 计算 $ AC $ 斜率: $$ m_{AC} = \frac{-\frac{\sqrt{2}+1}{2} - 0}{-\sqrt{2}} = \frac{\sqrt{2}+1}{2\sqrt{2}}. $$ 两者不相等,说明我可能计算有误。重新检查纵坐标:

对于 $ x=1+\sqrt{2} $: $$ y = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{(1+\sqrt{2})^2+1} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{1+2\sqrt{2}+2+1} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4+2\sqrt{2}}. $$ 分子分母同除以2: $$ \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2(2+\sqrt{2})}. $$ 有理化: $$ \frac{\sqrt{2}(2-\sqrt{2})}{2(4-2)} = \frac{2\sqrt{2}-2}{4} = \frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{2}. $$ 正确。

对于 $ x=1-\sqrt{2} $: $$ y = \frac{-\sqrt{2}}{(1-\sqrt{2})^2+1} = \frac{-\sqrt{2}}{1-2\sqrt{2}+2+1} = \frac{-\sqrt{2}}{4-2\sqrt{2}}. $$ 有理化: $$ \frac{-\sqrt{2}(4+2\sqrt{2})}{(4-2\sqrt{2})(4+2\sqrt{2})} = \frac{-4\sqrt{2} - 4}{16-8} = \frac{-4(\sqrt{2}+1)}{8} = -\frac{\sqrt{2}+1}{2}. $$ 正确。

现在计算斜率: $$ m_{AB} = \frac{\frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{2}}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{2\sqrt{2}} = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}, $$ $$ m_{AC} = \frac{-\frac{\sqrt{2}+1}{2}}{-\sqrt{2}} = \frac{\sqrt{2}+1}{2\sqrt{2}} = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}. $$ 两者不相等,说明三点不共线?但题目说“有三个拐点位于同一直线上”,可能我漏了对称性。重新检查: 实际上,若将 $ x=1 $ 代入,发现三个点可能关于 $ (1,0) $ 对称,但斜率不同。再检查二阶导数零点是否全部为拐点,以及是否有计算错误。

重新因式分解: $$ x^3 - 3x^2 - 3x + 1 = (x+1)(x^2 - 4x + 1)? $$ 检验:$ (x+1)(x^2-4x+1) = x^3 -4x^2 +