📝 题目
19. $\displaystyle{\int} x^{2} \sqrt{x^{2}-2} \mathrm{~d} x$ .
💡 答案与解析
[AI解答]
[AI解答]
我们要求不定积分: $$ \int x^{2} \sqrt{x^{2}-2} \, \mathrm{d}x $$
**步骤1:三角代换** 因为根号内有 $x^2 - 2$,考虑代换 $$ x = \sqrt{2} \sec t, \quad \mathrm{d}x = \sqrt{2} \sec t \tan t \, \mathrm{d}t $$ 且 $$ \sqrt{x^2 - 2} = \sqrt{2 \sec^2 t - 2} = \sqrt{2(\sec^2 t - 1)} = \sqrt{2 \tan^2 t} = \sqrt{2} |\tan t| $$ 在 $t \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2})$ 时 $\tan t > 0$,可去掉绝对值。
**步骤2:代入化简** 于是积分变为: $$ \int (\sqrt{2} \sec t)^2 \cdot \sqrt{2} \tan t \cdot \sqrt{2} \sec t \tan t \, \mathrm{d}t $$ 先计算系数: $x^2 = 2 \sec^2 t$, $\sqrt{x^2-2} = \sqrt{2} \tan t$, $\mathrm{d}x = \sqrt{2} \sec t \tan t \, \mathrm{d}t$。
乘积为: $$ 2 \sec^2 t \cdot \sqrt{2} \tan t \cdot \sqrt{2} \sec t \tan t = 2 \cdot 2 \cdot \sec^3 t \tan^2 t $$ 因为 $\sqrt{2} \cdot \sqrt{2} = 2$,所以系数是 $2 \times 2 = 4$,即: $$ \int 4 \sec^3 t \tan^2 t \, \mathrm{d}t $$
**步骤3:化简三角函数** 利用 $\tan^2 t = \sec^2 t - 1$,得: $$ 4 \int \sec^3 t (\sec^2 t - 1) \, \mathrm{d}t = 4 \int (\sec^5 t - \sec^3 t) \, \mathrm{d}t $$
**步骤4:计算 $\int \sec^3 t \, \mathrm{d}t$ 和 $\int \sec^5 t \, \mathrm{d}t$** 常用递推公式: 对于 $n \ge 3$, $$ \int \sec^n t \, \mathrm{d}t = \frac{\sec^{n-2} t \tan t}{n-1} + \frac{n-2}{n-1} \int \sec^{n-2} t \, \mathrm{d}t $$
先求 $\int \sec^3 t \, \mathrm{d}t$: 取 $n=3$: $$ \int \sec^3 t \, \mathrm{d}t = \frac{\sec t \tan t}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \int \sec t \, \mathrm{d}t $$ 而 $\int \sec t \, \mathrm{d}t = \ln|\sec t + \tan t| + C$,所以: $$ \int \sec^3 t \, \mathrm{d}t = \frac{1}{2} \sec t \tan t + \frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec t + \tan t| + C $$
再求 $\int \sec^5 t \, \mathrm{d}t$: 取 $n=5$: $$ \int \sec^5 t \, \mathrm{d}t = \frac{\sec^3 t \tan t}{4} + \frac{3}{4} \int \sec^3 t \, \mathrm{d}t $$ 代入 $\int \sec^3 t$ 的结果: $$ \int \sec^5 t \, \mathrm{d}t = \frac{\sec^3 t \tan t}{4} + \frac{3}{4} \left( \frac{1}{2} \sec t \tan t + \frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec t + \tan t| \right) $$ 即: $$ \int \sec^5 t \, \mathrm{d}t = \frac{1}{4} \sec^3 t \tan t + \frac{3}{8} \sec t \tan t + \frac{3}{8} \ln|\sec t + \tan t| + C $$
**步骤5:组合结果** 原积分为: $$ 4 \left( \int \sec^5 t \, \mathrm{d}t - \int \sec^3 t \, \mathrm{d}t \right) $$ 代入: $$ 4 \left[ \left( \frac{1}{4} \sec^3 t \tan t + \frac{3}{8} \sec t \tan t + \frac{3}{8} \ln|\sec t + \tan t| \right) - \left( \frac{1}{2} \sec t \tan t + \frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec t + \tan t| \right) \right] $$ 合并同类项: $\sec^3 t \tan t$ 项系数:$4 \cdot \frac{1}{4} = 1$ $\sec t \tan t$ 项:$4 \left( \frac{3}{8} - \frac{1}{2} \right) = 4 \left( \frac{3}{8} - \frac{4}{8} \right) = 4 \cdot \left( -\frac{1}{8} \right) = -\frac{1}{2}$ 对数项:$4 \left( \frac{3}{8} - \frac{1}{2} \right) = -\frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec t + \tan t|$
所以: $$ \int x^2 \sqrt{x^2-2} \, \mathrm{d}x = \sec^3 t \tan t - \frac{1}{2} \sec t \tan t - \frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec t + \tan t| + C $$
**步骤6:回代 $x$** 由 $x = \sqrt{2} \sec t$,得 $\sec t = \frac{x}{\sqrt{2}}$, $\tan t = \sqrt{\sec^2 t - 1} = \sqrt{\frac{x^2}{2} - 1} = \frac{\sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}}$。
于是: $$ \sec^3 t \tan t = \left( \frac{x}{\sqrt{2}} \right)^3 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{x^3}{2\sqrt{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}}? $$ 仔细计算: $\sec^3 t = \frac{x^3}{(\sqrt{2})^3} = \frac{x^3}{2\sqrt{2}}$,乘以 $\tan t = \frac{\sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}}$,得: $$ \frac{x^3}{2\sqrt{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{x^3 \sqrt{x^2-2}}{4} $$ 因为 $2\sqrt{2} \cdot \sqrt{2} = 2 \cdot 2 = 4$。
下一项:$\sec t \tan t = \frac{x}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{x \sqrt{x^2-2}}{2}$。
所以: $$ \sec^3 t \tan t - \frac{1}{2} \sec t \tan t = \frac{x^3 \sqrt{x^2-2}}{4} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{x \sqrt{x^2-2}}{2} = \frac{x^3 \sqrt{x^2-2}}{4} - \frac{x \sqrt{x^2-2}}{4} $$ 合并为: $$ \frac{\sqrt{x^2-2}}{4} (x^3 - x) = \frac{x(x^2-1)\sqrt{x^2-2}}{4} $$
而对数部分: $\sec t + \tan t = \frac{x}{\sqrt{2}} + \frac{\sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{x + \sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}}$, 所以: $$ \ln|\sec t + \tan t| = \ln\left| \frac{x + \sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}} \right| = \ln|x + \sqrt{x^2-2}| - \ln\sqrt{2} $$ 常数 $-\frac{1}{2}\ln\sqrt{2}$ 可并入常数 $C$。
因此最终结果为: $$ \boxed{\displaystyle \frac{x(x^2-1)\sqrt