人邮高数 第2章 第2-3-5题

教材习题

📝 题目

5.求下列函数的微分:
(1)$y=x \ln x-x^{2}$ ;
(2)$y=\arcsin \sqrt{x}$ ;
(3)$y=x \arctan \sqrt{x}$ ;
(4)$\displaystyle y=\ln \left(\tan \frac{x}{2}\right)$ ;
(5)$y=1+x \mathrm{e}^{y}$ ;
(6)$y^{2} \cos x=\sin 3 x$ ;
(7)$\displaystyle y=\frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^{2}}}$ ;
(8)$\displaystyle y=\frac{x^{3}-1}{x^{3}+1}$ ;
(9)$y=\tan ^{2}\left(1+2 x^{2}\right)$ ;
(10)$y=3^{\ln (\tan x)}$ ;
(11)$y=x^{5 x}$ ;
(12) $\displaystyle \mathrm{e}^{\frac{x}{y}}-x y=0$ ;
(13)$y^{2}+\ln y=x^{4}$ ;
(14)$y=\cos (x y)-x$ .

💡 答案解析

[AI解答]

[AI解答]

5. 求下列函数的微分
微分公式:$dy = y' \, dx$,以下先求导数 $y'$。

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(1)$y=x \ln x - x^{2}$
$$y' = \ln x + x \cdot \frac{1}{x} - 2x = \ln x + 1 - 2x$$
所以
$$dy = (\ln x + 1 - 2x) \, dx$$

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(2)$y=\arcsin \sqrt{x}$
$$y' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-(\sqrt{x})^2}} \cdot \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x}} \cdot \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}} = \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x(1-x)}}$$
所以
$$dy = \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x(1-x)}} \, dx$$

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(3)$y=x \arctan \sqrt{x}$
$$y' = \arctan\sqrt{x} + x \cdot \frac{1}{1+(\sqrt{x})^2} \cdot \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}} = \arctan\sqrt{x} + \frac{x}{1+x} \cdot \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}$$
化简第二项:
$$\frac{x}{1+x} \cdot \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}} = \frac{\sqrt{x}}{2(1+x)}$$
所以
$$dy = \left( \arctan\sqrt{x} + \frac{\sqrt{x}}{2(1+x)} \right) dx$$

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(4)$\displaystyle y=\ln \left( \tan \frac{x}{2} \right)$
$$y' = \frac{1}{\tan\frac{x}{2}} \cdot \sec^2\frac{x}{2} \cdot \frac12 = \frac{\cos\frac{x}{2}}{\sin\frac{x}{2}} \cdot \frac{1}{\cos^2\frac{x}{2}} \cdot \frac12 = \frac{1}{2\sin\frac{x}{2}\cos\frac{x}{2}} = \frac{1}{\sin x} = \csc x$$
所以
$$dy = \csc x \, dx$$

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(5)$y=1+x \mathrm{e}^{y}$
隐函数求导:两边对 $x$ 求导
$$y' = \mathrm{e}^{y} + x \mathrm{e}^{y} y'$$
移项:
$$y' - x\mathrm{e}^{y} y' = \mathrm{e}^{y} \quad\Rightarrow\quad y'(1 - x\mathrm{e}^{y}) = \mathrm{e}^{y}$$
所以
$$y' = \frac{\mathrm{e}^{y}}{1 - x\mathrm{e}^{y}}$$
微分:
$$dy = \frac{\mathrm{e}^{y}}{1 - x\mathrm{e}^{y}} \, dx$$

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(6)$y^{2} \cos x = \sin 3x$
两边对 $x$ 求导:
$$2y y' \cos x - y^{2} \sin x = 3\cos 3x$$
解出 $y'$:
$$2y\cos x \cdot y' = 3\cos 3x + y^{2}\sin x$$
$$y' = \frac{3\cos 3x + y^{2}\sin x}{2y\cos x}$$
所以
$$dy = \frac{3\cos 3x + y^{2}\sin x}{2y\cos x} \, dx$$

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(7)$\displaystyle y=\frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^{2}}}$
$$y' = \frac{\sqrt{1+x^{2}} - x \cdot \frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^{2}}}}{1+x^{2}} = \frac{\frac{1+x^{2} - x^{2}}{\sqrt{1+x^{2}}}}{1+x^{2}} = \frac{1}{(1+x^{2})^{3/2}}$$
所以
$$dy = \frac{1}{(1+x^{2})^{3/2}} \, dx$$

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(8)$\displaystyle y=\frac{x^{3}-1}{x^{3}+1}$
$$y' = \frac{3x^{2}(x^{3}+1) - (x^{3}-1)3x^{2}}{(x^{3}+1)^{2}} = \frac{3x^{2}(x^{3}+1 - x^{3}+1)}{(x^{3}+1)^{2}} = \frac{6x^{2}}{(x^{3}+1)^{2}}$$
所以
$$dy = \frac{6x^{2}}{(x^{3}+1)^{2}} \, dx$$

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(9)$y=\tan^{2}(1+2x^{2})$
$$y' = 2\tan(1+2x^{2}) \cdot \sec^{2}(1+2x^{2}) \cdot 4x = 8x \tan(1+2x^{2}) \sec^{2}(1+2x^{2})$$
所以
$$dy = 8x \tan(1+2x^{2}) \sec^{2}(1+2x^{2}) \, dx$$

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(10)$y=3^{\ln(\tan x)}$
取对数:$\ln y = \ln(\tan x) \cdot \ln 3$,求导:
$$\frac{y'}{y} = \frac{\ln 3}{\tan x} \cdot \sec^{2}x = \ln 3 \cdot \frac{\sec^{2}x}{\tan x} = \frac{\ln 3}{\sin x \cos x} = \frac{2\ln 3}{\sin 2x}$$
所以
$$y' = 3^{\ln(\tan x)} \cdot \frac{2\ln 3}{\sin 2x}$$
微分:
$$dy = 3^{\ln(\tan x)} \cdot \frac{2\ln 3}{\sin 2x} \, dx$$

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(11)$y=x^{5x}$
取对数:$\ln y = 5x \ln x$,求导:
$$\frac{y'}{y} = 5\ln x + 5x \cdot \frac{1}{x} = 5\ln x + 5$$
所以
$$y' = x^{5x} \cdot 5(\ln x + 1)$$
微分:
$$dy = 5x^{5x}(\ln x + 1) \, dx$$

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(12)$\displaystyle \mathrm{e}^{\frac{x}{y}} - xy = 0$
隐函数:$\mathrm{e}^{x/y} = xy$,两边对 $x$ 求导:
$$\mathrm{e}^{x/y} \cdot \frac{y - x y'}{y^{2}} = y + x y'$$
代入 $\mathrm

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