人邮高数 第3章 第3-2-*3题

教材习题

📝 题目

*3.用换元法计算下列不定积分:
(1) $\displaystyle{\int} \frac{x}{(1+x)^{3}} \mathrm{~d} x$ ;
(2) $\displaystyle{\int} \frac{x+2}{x^{2}+3 x+4} \mathrm{~d} x$ ;
(3) $\displaystyle{\int}\left(1-\frac{1}{x^{2}}\right) \mathrm{e}^{x+\frac{1}{x}} \mathrm{~d} x$ ;
(4) $\displaystyle{\int} \sqrt{\frac{\ln \left(x+\sqrt{1+x^{2}}\right)}{1+x^{2}}} \mathrm{~d} x$ ;
(5) $\displaystyle{\int} \frac{\sin x+\cos x}{\sqrt[3]{\sin x-\cos x}} \mathrm{~d} x$ ;
(6) $\displaystyle{\int} \frac{\cos x}{\sqrt{2+\cos 2 x}} \mathrm{~d} x$ ;
(7) $\displaystyle{\int} \frac{x^{2}-1}{x^{4}+1} \mathrm{~d} x$ ;
(8) $\displaystyle{\int} \frac{1}{1-x^{2}} \ln \frac{1+x}{1-x} \mathrm{~d} x$ ;
(9) $\displaystyle{\int} \frac{\sqrt{x+2}}{1+\sqrt{x+2}} \mathrm{~d} x$ ;
(10) $\displaystyle{\int} \sqrt{5-4 x-x^{2}} \mathrm{~d} x$ .

💡 答案解析

[AI解答]

[AI解答]

以下为各小题的换元法求解过程:

---

(1)
$$
\int \frac{x}{(1+x)^3} \, dx
$$
令 $ t = 1+x $,则 $ x = t-1 $,$ dx = dt $:
$$
\int \frac{t-1}{t^3} \, dt = \int \left( t^{-2} - t^{-3} \right) dt = -t^{-1} + \frac{1}{2} t^{-2} + C
$$
代回 $ t = 1+x $:
$$
= -\frac{1}{1+x} + \frac{1}{2(1+x)^2} + C
$$

---

(2)
$$
\int \frac{x+2}{x^2+3x+4} \, dx
$$
分母求导为 $ 2x+3 $,将分子改写:
$$
x+2 = \frac{1}{2}(2x+3) + \frac{1}{2}
$$
因此:
$$
\int \frac{x+2}{x^2+3x+4} dx = \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{2x+3}{x^2+3x+4} dx + \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{x^2+3x+4} dx
$$
第一项:
$$
\frac{1}{2} \ln|x^2+3x+4| + C_1
$$
第二项分母配方:
$$
x^2+3x+4 = \left( x+\frac{3}{2} \right)^2 + \frac{7}{4}
$$
所以:
$$
\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2}{\sqrt{7}} \arctan \frac{2x+3}{\sqrt{7}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{7}} \arctan \frac{2x+3}{\sqrt{7}} + C_2
$$
结果为:
$$
\frac{1}{2} \ln(x^2+3x+4) + \frac{1}{\sqrt{7}} \arctan\frac{2x+3}{\sqrt{7}} + C
$$

---

(3)
$$
\int \left(1 - \frac{1}{x^2}\right) e^{x+\frac{1}{x}} \, dx
$$
令 $ t = x + \frac{1}{x} $,则 $ dt = \left(1 - \frac{1}{x^2}\right) dx $,因此:
$$
\int e^t \, dt = e^t + C = e^{x+\frac{1}{x}} + C
$$

---

(4)
$$
\int \sqrt{\frac{\ln(x+\sqrt{1+x^2})}{1+x^2}} \, dx
$$
令 $ t = \ln(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}) $,则 $ dt = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} dx $,但被积函数分母是 $ \sqrt{1+x^2} $,注意:
$$
\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} dx = dt
$$
而原积分:
$$
\int \sqrt{\frac{t}{1+x^2}} dx = \int \sqrt{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} dx = \int \sqrt{t} \, dt
$$
因此:
$$
= \frac{2}{3} t^{3/2} + C = \frac{2}{3} \left[ \ln(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}) \right]^{3/2} + C
$$

---

(5)
$$
\int \frac{\sin x + \cos x}{\sqrt[3]{\sin x - \cos x}} \, dx
$$
令 $ t = \sin x - \cos x $,则 $ dt = (\cos x + \sin x) dx $,因此:
$$
\int \frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{t}} \, dt = \int t^{-1/3} dt = \frac{3}{2} t^{2/3} + C
$$
代回:
$$
= \frac{3}{2} (\sin x - \cos x)^{2/3} + C
$$

---

(6)
$$
\int \frac{\cos x}{\sqrt{2+\cos 2x}} \, dx
$$
利用 $ \cos 2x = 2\cos^2 x - 1 $,则:
$$
2 + \cos 2x = 2 + 2\cos^2 x - 1 = 1 + 2\cos^2 x
$$
令 $ t = \sin x $,则 $ dt = \cos x \, dx $,且 $ \cos^2 x = 1 - t^2 $,于是:
$$
\int \frac{dt}{\sqrt{1+2(1-t^2)}} = \int \frac{dt}{\sqrt{3 - 2t^2}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \int \frac{dt}{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2} - t^2}}
$$
因此:
$$
= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \arcsin\left( \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}} t \right) + C = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \arcsin\left( \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}} \sin x \right) + C
$$

---

(7)
$$
\int \frac{x^2 - 1}{x^4 + 1} \, dx
$$
分子分母同除以 $ x^2 $:
$$
\int \frac{1 - \frac{1}{x^2}}{x^2 + \frac{1}{x^2}} dx
$$
令 $ t = x + \frac{1}{x} $,则 $ dt = \left(1 - \frac{1}{x^2}\right) dx $,且:
$$
x^2 + \frac{1}{x^2} = t^2 - 2
$$
因此:
$$
\int \frac{dt}{t^2 - 2} = \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}} \ln\left| \frac{t - \sqrt{2}}{t + \sqrt{2}} \right| + C
$$
代回:
$$
= \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}} \ln\left| \frac{x + \frac{1}{x} - \sqrt{2}}{x + \frac{1}{x} + \sqrt{2}} \right| + C
$$

---

(8)
$$
\int \frac{1}{1-x^2} \ln\frac{1+x}{1-x} \, dx
$$
令 $ t = \ln\frac{1+x}{1-x} $,则:
$$
dt = \frac{1}{1+x} + \frac{1}{1-x} dx = \frac{2}{1-x^2} dx
$$
所以:
$$
\frac{1}{1-x^2} dx = \frac{1}{2} dt
$$
原积分:
$$
\int t \cdot \frac{1}{2} dt = \frac{1}{4} t^2 + C = \frac{1}{4} \left[ \ln\frac{1+x}{1-x} \right]^2 + C
$$

---

(9)
$$
\int \frac{\sqrt{x+2}}{1+\sqrt{x+2}} \, dx
$$
令 $ t = \sqrt{x+2} $,则 $ x = t^2 - 2 $,$ dx = 2t \, dt $:
$$
\int \frac{t}{1+t} \cdot 2t \, dt = 2 \int \frac{t^2}{1+t} dt
$$
做多项式除法:
$$
\frac{t^2}{1+t} = t - 1 + \frac{1}{1+t}
$$
因此:
$$
2 \int \left( t - 1 + \frac{1}{1+t} \right) dt = 2\left( \frac{t^2}{2} - t + \ln|1+t| \right) + C
$$
代回:
$$
= (x+2) - 2\sqrt{x+2} + 2\ln(1+\sqrt{x+2}) + C
$$

---

(10)
$$
\int \sqrt{5 - 4x - x^2} \, dx
$$
先配方:
$$
5 - 4x - x^2 = -(x^2 + 4x - 5) = -( (x+2)^2 - 9 ) = 9 - (x+2)^2
$$
令 $ t = x+2 $,则:
$$
\int \sqrt{9 - t^2} \, dt
$$
用公式:
$$
\int \sqrt{a^2 - t^2} dt = \frac{t}{2} \sqrt{a^2 - t^2

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