人邮高数 第1章 第1-3-1题
📝 题目
1.计算下列极限:
(1) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow-1} \frac{x^{2}+2 x+1}{x-1}$ ;
(2) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 2} \frac{x-1}{\sqrt{x+1}}$ ;
(3) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{x^{2}-3 x+2}{x-1}$ ;
(4) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{x^{2}+2 x+1}{x^{4}-3 x+1}$ ;
(5) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{\sqrt{x}-1}{x^{2}+5 x-6}$ ;
(6) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{(x+h)^{2}-x^{2}}{h}$ ;
(7) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 1} \sqrt[3]{x-1}$ ;
(8) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{\sqrt[3]{x}-1}{x-1}$ ;
(9) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 1}\left(\frac{1}{1-x}-\frac{3}{1-x^{3}}\right)$ ;
(10) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow+\infty} x\left(\sqrt{x^{2}+1}-x\right)$ ;
(11) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{x}{\sqrt{2+x}-\sqrt{2-x}}$ ;
(12) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sqrt[n]{1+x}-1}{x}\left(n \in \mathbf{Z}^{+}\right)$;
(13) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow+\infty}\left(\sqrt{4 x^{2}+3 x+1}-\sqrt{4 x^{2}-3 x-2}\right)$ ;
(14) $\displaystyle{\lim} _{x \rightarrow+\infty}(\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x}}-\sqrt{x})$ .
💡 答案解析
[AI解答]
[AI解答]
以下是习题1-3中极限问题的详细解答。
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(1)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow -1} \frac{x^{2}+2x+1}{x-1}$
分子可分解为 $(x+1)^2$,但分母在 $x=-1$ 时不为零,直接代入:
$$
\frac{(-1)^2+2(-1)+1}{-1-1} = \frac{1-2+1}{-2} = \frac{0}{-2} = 0
$$
答案:$0$
---
(2)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 2} \frac{x-1}{\sqrt{x+1}}$
直接代入 $x=2$:
$$
\frac{2-1}{\sqrt{2+1}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}
$$
答案:$\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$
---
(3)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{x^{2}-3x+2}{x-1}$
分子因式分解:$x^2-3x+2 = (x-1)(x-2)$,约去 $x-1$:
$$
\lim_{x \to 1} (x-2) = 1-2 = -1
$$
答案:$-1$
---
(4)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow \infty} \frac{x^{2}+2x+1}{x^{4}-3x+1}$
分子最高次 $x^2$,分母最高次 $x^4$,故极限为 $0$:
$$
\lim_{x\to\infty} \frac{x^2+2x+1}{x^4-3x+1} = 0
$$
答案:$0$
---
(5)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{\sqrt{x}-1}{x^{2}+5x-6}$
分母因式分解:$x^2+5x-6 = (x-1)(x+6)$,分子有理化:
$$
\frac{\sqrt{x}-1}{x-1} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}+1}
$$
故原式:
$$
\lim_{x\to 1} \frac{1}{(x+6)(\sqrt{x}+1)} = \frac{1}{(1+6)(1+1)} = \frac{1}{14}
$$
答案:$\displaystyle \frac{1}{14}$
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(6)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{(x+h)^{2}-x^{2}}{h}$
展开分子:$(x+h)^2 - x^2 = 2xh + h^2$,除以 $h$ 得 $2x + h$,极限为 $2x$:
$$
\lim_{h\to 0} (2x + h) = 2x
$$
答案:$2x$
---
(7)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 1} \sqrt[3]{x-1}$
当 $x\to 1$ 时,$x-1 \to 0$,故 $\sqrt[3]{x-1} \to 0$:
答案:$0$
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(8)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{\sqrt[3]{x}-1}{x-1}$
利用公式 $a^3 - b^3 = (a-b)(a^2+ab+b^2)$,令 $a = \sqrt[3]{x}$,$b=1$,则:
$$
\sqrt[3]{x} - 1 = \frac{x-1}{\sqrt[3]{x^2} + \sqrt[3]{x} + 1}
$$
所以:
$$
\lim_{x\to 1} \frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{x^2} + \sqrt[3]{x} + 1} = \frac{1}{1+1+1} = \frac{1}{3}
$$
答案:$\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}$
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(9)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 1}\left(\frac{1}{1-x}-\frac{3}{1-x^{3}}\right)$
注意到 $1-x^3 = (1-x)(1+x+x^2)$,通分:
$$
\frac{1}{1-x} - \frac{3}{(1-x)(1+x+x^2)} = \frac{1+x+x^2 - 3}{(1-x)(1+x+x^2)} = \frac{x^2+x-2}{(1-x)(1+x+x^2)}
$$
分子因式分解:$x^2+x-2 = (x-1)(x+2)$,而 $1-x = -(x-1)$,约去 $x-1$:
$$
\frac{(x-1)(x+2)}{-(x-1)(1+x+x^2)} = -\frac{x+2}{1+x+x^2}
$$
代入 $x=1$:
$$
-\frac{1+2}{1+1+1} = -\frac{3}{3} = -1
$$
答案:$-1$
---
(10)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow+\infty} x\left(\sqrt{x^{2}+1}-x\right)$
有理化:
$$
\sqrt{x^2+1} - x = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+1}+x}
$$
原式:
$$
\lim_{x\to+\infty} \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+1}+x} = \lim_{x\to+\infty} \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{x^2}}+1} = \frac{1}{1+1} = \frac{1}{2}
$$
答案:$\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}$
---
(11)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{x}{\sqrt{2+x}-\sqrt{2-x}}$
分母有理化:
$$
\sqrt{2+x} - \sqrt{2-x} = \frac{(2+x)-(2-x)}{\sqrt{2+x}+\sqrt{2-x}} = \frac{2x}{\sqrt{2+x}+\sqrt{2-x}}
$$
原式:
$$
\frac{x}{\frac{2x}{\sqrt{2+x}+\sqrt{2-x}}} = \frac{\sqrt{2+x}+\sqrt{2-x}}{2}
$$
代入 $x=0$:
$$
\frac{\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{2}}{2} = \frac{2\sqrt{2}}{2} = \sqrt{2}
$$
答案:$\sqrt{2}$
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(12)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sqrt[n]{1+x}-1}{x}\quad (n \in \mathbf{Z}^{+})$
利用公式 $a^n - b^n = (a-b)(a^{n-1}+a^{n-2}b+\cdots+b^{n-1})$,令 $a=\sqrt[n]{1+x}$,$b=1$,则:
$$
\sqrt[n]{1+x} - 1 = \frac{x}{\sqrt[n]{(1+x)^{n-1}} + \sqrt[n]{(1+x)^{n-2}} + \cdots + 1}
$$
当 $x\to 0$ 时,分母每一项趋于 $1$,共 $n$ 项,故极限为 $\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}$:
答案:$\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}$
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(13)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow+\infty}\left(\sqrt{4 x^{2}+3 x+1}-\sqrt{4 x^{2}-3 x-2}\right)$
有理化:
$$
\frac{(4x^2+3x+1)-(4x^2-3x-2)}{\sqrt{4x^2+3x+1}+\sqrt{4x^2-3x-2}} = \frac{6x+3}{\sqrt{4x^2+3x+1}+\sqrt{4x^2-3x-2}}
$$
当 $x\to+\infty$,分母 $\sim \sqrt{4x^2}+\sqrt{4x^2}=2x+2x=4x$,分子 $\sim 6x$,故极限:
$$
\frac{6x}{4x} = \frac{3}{2}
$$
更精确地,提取 $x$:
$$
\frac{6+\frac{3}{x}}{\sqrt{4+\frac{3}{x}+\frac{1}{x^2}}+\sqrt{4-\frac{3}{x}-\frac{2}{x^2}}} \to \frac{6}{2+2} = \frac{3}{2}
$$
答案:$\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}$
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(14)$\displaystyle{\lim}_{x \rightarrow+\infty}(\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x}}-\sqrt{x})$
有理化:
$$
\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x}} - \sqrt{x} = \frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x}}+\sqrt{x}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}}+1}
$$
当 $