同济高数 第2章 第2-2-11题

教材习题

📝 题目

11.求下列函数的导数:
(1)$y=\mathrm{e}^{-x}\left(x^{2}-2 x+3\right)$ ;
(2)$y=\sin ^{2} x \cdot \sin \left(x^{2}\right)$ ;
(3)$\displaystyle y=\left(\arctan \frac{x}{2}\right)^{2}$ ;
(4)$\displaystyle y=\frac{\ln x}{x^{n}}$ ;
(5)$\displaystyle y=\frac{\mathrm{e}^{t}-\mathrm{e}^{-t}}{\mathrm{e}^{t}+\mathrm{e}^{-t}}$ ;
(6)$\displaystyle y=\ln \cos \frac{1}{x}$ ;
(7)$\displaystyle y=\mathrm{e}^{-\sin ^{2} \frac{1}{x}}$
(8)$y=\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x}}$ ;
(9)$\displaystyle y=x \arcsin \frac{x}{2}+\sqrt{4-x^{2}}$ ;
(10)$\displaystyle y=\arcsin \frac{2 t}{1+t^{2}}$ .

💡 答案解析

[AI解答]

[AI解答]

以下是习题2-2第11题各小题的详细解答步骤。

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(1)
$y=\mathrm{e}^{-x}\left(x^{2}-2 x+3\right)$

使用乘积法则:
$y' = (\mathrm{e}^{-x})'(x^2-2x+3) + \mathrm{e}^{-x}(x^2-2x+3)'$
$= -\mathrm{e}^{-x}(x^2-2x+3) + \mathrm{e}^{-x}(2x-2)$
$= \mathrm{e}^{-x}\left[ -x^2+2x-3 + 2x-2 \right]$
$= \mathrm{e}^{-x}(-x^2+4x-5)$

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(2)
$y=\sin ^{2} x \cdot \sin \left(x^{2}\right)$

令 $u=\sin^2 x$,$v=\sin(x^2)$
$u' = 2\sin x \cos x = \sin 2x$
$v' = \cos(x^2) \cdot 2x = 2x\cos(x^2)$

由乘积法则:
$y' = (\sin 2x)\sin(x^2) + \sin^2 x \cdot 2x\cos(x^2)$

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(3)
$\displaystyle y=\left(\arctan \frac{x}{2}\right)^{2}$

链式法则:
$\displaystyle y' = 2\arctan\frac{x}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{1+(x/2)^2} \cdot \frac{1}{2}$
$\displaystyle = 2\arctan\frac{x}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{1+\frac{x^2}{4}} \cdot \frac12$
$\displaystyle = \arctan\frac{x}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{1+\frac{x^2}{4}}$
$\displaystyle = \frac{4\arctan\frac{x}{2}}{4+x^2}$

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(4)
$\displaystyle y=\frac{\ln x}{x^{n}}$

使用商法则或改写为 $y = x^{-n}\ln x$
$\displaystyle y' = -n x^{-n-1}\ln x + x^{-n}\cdot\frac{1}{x}$
$\displaystyle = \frac{1}{x^{n+1}} - \frac{n\ln x}{x^{n+1}}$
$\displaystyle = \frac{1 - n\ln x}{x^{n+1}}$

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(5)
$\displaystyle y=\frac{\mathrm{e}^{t}-\mathrm{e}^{-t}}{\mathrm{e}^{t}+\mathrm{e}^{-t}}$

此为双曲正切 $\tanh t$,也可直接求导:
$\displaystyle y' = \frac{(\mathrm{e}^{t}+\mathrm{e}^{-t})(\mathrm{e}^{t}+\mathrm{e}^{-t}) - (\mathrm{e}^{t}-\mathrm{e}^{-t})(\mathrm{e}^{t}-\mathrm{e}^{-t})}{(\mathrm{e}^{t}+\mathrm{e}^{-t})^2}$
分子 = $(\mathrm{e}^{t}+\mathrm{e}^{-t})^2 - (\mathrm{e}^{t}-\mathrm{e}^{-t})^2 = 4$
所以 $\displaystyle y' = \frac{4}{(\mathrm{e}^{t}+\mathrm{e}^{-t})^2}$

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(6)
$\displaystyle y=\ln \cos \frac{1}{x}$

链式法则:
$\displaystyle y' = \frac{1}{\cos(1/x)} \cdot \left(-\sin\frac{1}{x}\right) \cdot \left(-\frac{1}{x^2}\right)$
$\displaystyle = \frac{\sin(1/x)}{\cos(1/x)} \cdot \frac{1}{x^2}$
$\displaystyle = \frac{\tan(1/x)}{x^2}$

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(7)
$\displaystyle y=\mathrm{e}^{-\sin ^{2} \frac{1}{x}}$

链式法则:
$\displaystyle y' = \mathrm{e}^{-\sin^2(1/x)} \cdot \left[-2\sin\frac{1}{x} \cdot \cos\frac{1}{x} \cdot \left(-\frac{1}{x^2}\right)\right]$
$\displaystyle = \mathrm{e}^{-\sin^2(1/x)} \cdot \frac{2\sin(1/x)\cos(1/x)}{x^2}$
$\displaystyle = \frac{\sin(2/x)}{x^2} \mathrm{e}^{-\sin^2(1/x)}$

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(8)
$y=\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x}}$

改写为 $y = (x + x^{1/2})^{1/2}$
$\displaystyle y' = \frac12 (x + x^{1/2})^{-1/2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}\right)$
$\displaystyle = \frac{1 + \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}}{2\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x}}}$
也可写作:
$\displaystyle y' = \frac{2\sqrt{x}+1}{4\sqrt{x}\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x}}}$

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(9)
$\displaystyle y=x \arcsin \frac{x}{2}+\sqrt{4-x^{2}}$

先对第一项用乘积法则:
$\displaystyle (x\arcsin\frac{x}{2})' = \arcsin\frac{x}{2} + x \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-(x/2)^2}} \cdot \frac12$
$\displaystyle = \arcsin\frac{x}{2} + \frac{x}{2\sqrt{1-x^2/4}}$
$\displaystyle = \arcsin\frac{x}{2} + \frac{x}{\sqrt{4-x^2}}$

第二项导数:
$\displaystyle (\sqrt{4-x^2})' = \frac{-x}{\sqrt{4-x^2}}$

相加得:
$\displaystyle y' = \arcsin\frac{x}{2} + \frac{x}{\sqrt{4-x^2}} - \frac{x}{\sqrt{4-x^2}} = \arcsin\frac{x}{2}$

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(10)
$\displaystyle y=\arcsin \frac{2 t}{1+t^{2}}$

令 $\displaystyle u = \frac{2t}{1+t^2}$
$\displaystyle y' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-u^2}} \cdot u'$

先求 $u'$:
$\displaystyle u' = \frac{2(1+t^2) - 2t(2t)}{(1+t^2)^2} = \frac{2+2t^2-4t^2}{(1+t^2)^2} = \frac{2-2t^2}{(1+t^2)^2} = \frac{2(1-t^2)}{(1+t^2)^2}$

再计算 $1-u^2$:
$\displaystyle u^2 = \frac{4t^2}{(1+t^2)^2}$
$\displaystyle 1-u^2 = \frac{(1+t^2)^2 - 4t^2}{(1+t^2)^2} = \frac{1+2t^2+t^4-4t^2}{(1+t^2)^2} = \frac{(1-t^2)^2}{(1+t^2)^2}$
所以 $\displaystyle \sqrt{1-u^2} = \frac{|1-t^2|}{1+t^2}$

因此:
$\displaystyle y' = \frac{1+t^2}{|1-t^2|} \cdot \frac{2(1-t^2)}{(1+t^2)^2} = \frac{2(1-t^2)}{|1-t^2|(1+t^2)}$

若 $|t|<1$,则 $1-t^2>0$,$\displaystyle y' = \frac{2}{1+t^2}$
若 $|t|>1$,则 $1-t^2<0$,$\displaystyle y' = -\frac{2}{1+t^2}$

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难度评级:★★☆☆☆
(主要考察链式法则、乘积法则及基本初等函数求导,无复杂技巧,但题量稍多。)

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