人邮高数 第3章 第3-5-8题

教材习题

📝 题目

8.求下列极限:
(1) $\displaystyle{\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{x} \sin t^{2} \mathrm{~d} t}{x^{3}}$ ;
(2) $\displaystyle{\lim _{x \rightarrow 1} \frac{\displaystyle{\int}_{1}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t}{\ln x}$ ;
(3) $\displaystyle{\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{x} 2 t \cos t \mathrm{~d} t}{1-\cos x}$ ;
(4) $\displaystyle{\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{x} \cos \left(t^{2}\right) \mathrm{d} t}{\ln (1+x)}$ ;
(5) $\displaystyle{\lim _{x \rightarrow+\infty} \frac{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{x}(\arctan t)^{2} \mathrm{~d} t}{\sqrt{1+x^{2}}}$ ;
(6) $\displaystyle{\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{\sin x} \sqrt{\tan t} \mathrm{~d} t}{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{\tan x} \sqrt{\sin t} \mathrm{~d} t}$ ;
(7) $\displaystyle{\lim _{x \rightarrow 0^{+}} \frac{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{x^{2}} t^{\frac{3}{2}} \mathrm{~d} t}{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{x} t(t-\sin t) \mathrm{d} t}$ ;
(8) $\displaystyle{\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\left(\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t\right)^{2}}{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{x} t \mathrm{e}^{2 t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t}$ .

💡 答案解析

[AI解答]

[AI解答]

以下为各小题的详细解答,均使用洛必达法则结合变上限积分求导。

---

(1)
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{x} \sin t^{2} \, \mathrm{d}t}{x^{3}}
$$
当 $x\to 0$ 时,分子分母均趋于 0,用洛必达法则:
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x^{2}}{3x^{2}} = \frac{1}{3} \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x^{2}}{x^{2}} = \frac{1}{3}
$$
难度:★★☆☆☆

---

(2)
$$
\lim_{x \to 1} \frac{\displaystyle{\int}_{1}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{t^{2}} \, \mathrm{d}t}{\ln x}
$$
当 $x\to 1$ 时,分子分母均趋于 0,用洛必达法则:
$$
\lim_{x \to 1} \frac{\mathrm{e}^{x^{2}}}{1/x} = \lim_{x \to 1} x \mathrm{e}^{x^{2}} = 1 \cdot e^{1} = e
$$
难度:★★☆☆☆

---

(3)
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{x} 2 t \cos t \, \mathrm{d}t}{1 - \cos x}
$$
当 $x\to 0$ 时,分子分母均趋于 0,用洛必达法则:
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2x \cos x}{\sin x} = 2 \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x}{\sin x} \cdot \cos x = 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 = 2
$$
难度:★★☆☆☆

---

(4)
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{x} \cos(t^{2}) \, \mathrm{d}t}{\ln(1+x)}
$$
当 $x\to 0$ 时,分子分母均趋于 0,用洛必达法则:
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\cos(x^{2})}{\frac{1}{1+x}} = \lim_{x \to 0} (1+x) \cos(x^{2}) = 1 \cdot 1 = 1
$$
难度:★★☆☆☆

---

(5)
$$
\lim_{x \to +\infty} \frac{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{x} (\arctan t)^{2} \, \mathrm{d}t}{\sqrt{1+x^{2}}}
$$
当 $x\to +\infty$ 时,分子分母均趋于无穷大,用洛必达法则:
$$
\lim_{x \to +\infty} \frac{(\arctan x)^{2}}{\frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^{2}}}}
$$
由于 $\arctan x \to \frac{\pi}{2}$,且 $\frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^{2}}} \to 1$,故极限为:
$$
\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)^{2} = \frac{\pi^{2}}{4}
$$
难度:★★★☆☆

---

(6)
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{\sin x} \sqrt{\tan t} \, \mathrm{d}t}{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{\tan x} \sqrt{\sin t} \, \mathrm{d}t}
$$
当 $x\to 0$ 时,分子分母均趋于 0,用洛必达法则(注意复合函数求导):
分子导数为:
$$
\sqrt{\tan(\sin x)} \cdot \cos x
$$
分母导数为:
$$
\sqrt{\sin(\tan x)} \cdot \sec^{2} x
$$
因此极限为:
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sqrt{\tan(\sin x)} \cos x}{\sqrt{\sin(\tan x)} \sec^{2} x}
$$
当 $x\to 0$ 时,$\tan(\sin x) \sim \sin x \sim x$,$\sin(\tan x) \sim \tan x \sim x$,且 $\cos x \to 1$,$\sec^{2} x \to 1$,故极限为:
$$
\frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}} = 1
$$
难度:★★★☆☆

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(7)
$$
\lim_{x \to 0^{+}} \frac{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{x^{2}} t^{\frac{3}{2}} \, \mathrm{d}t}{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{x} t(t - \sin t) \, \mathrm{d}t}
$$
分子积分:
$$
\int_{0}^{x^{2}} t^{3/2} \, \mathrm{d}t = \frac{2}{5} (x^{2})^{5/2} = \frac{2}{5} x^{5}
$$
分母用等价无穷小:$t - \sin t \sim \frac{t^{3}}{6}$,故
$$
t(t - \sin t) \sim \frac{t^{4}}{6}
$$
积分得:
$$
\int_{0}^{x} \frac{t^{4}}{6} \, \mathrm{d}t = \frac{x^{5}}{30}
$$
因此极限为:
$$
\frac{\frac{2}{5} x^{5}}{\frac{1}{30} x^{5}} = \frac{2}{5} \cdot 30 = 12
$$
难度:★★★☆☆

---

(8)
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\left(\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{t^{2}} \, \mathrm{d}t\right)^{2}}{\displaystyle{\int}_{0}^{x} t \mathrm{e}^{2t^{2}} \, \mathrm{d}t}
$$
当 $x\to 0$ 时,分子分母均趋于 0,用洛必达法则:
分子导数为:
$$
2 \left(\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{t^{2}} \, \mathrm{d}t\right) \cdot \mathrm{e}^{x^{2}}
$$
分母导数为:
$$
x \mathrm{e}^{2x^{2}}
$$
因此极限为:
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2 \mathrm{e}^{x^{2}} \int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{t^{2}} \, \mathrm{d}t}{x \mathrm{e}^{2x^{2}}} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2 \int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{t^{2}} \, \mathrm{d}t}{x \mathrm{e}^{x^{2}}}
$$
再次用洛必达法则(仍为 0/0 型):
分子导数为 $2 \mathrm{e}^{x^{2}}$,分母导数为 $\mathrm{e}^{x^{2}} + 2x^{2} \mathrm{e}^{x^{2}} = \mathrm{e}^{x^{2}}(1 + 2x^{2})$,故极限为:
$$
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2 \mathrm{e}^{x^{2}}}{\mathrm{e}^{x^{2}}(1 + 2x^{2})} = \frac{2}{1} = 2
$$
难度:★★★★☆

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难度总评
(1)~(4)★★☆☆☆
(5)(6)(7)★★★☆☆
(8)★★★★☆

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