同济高数 第4章 第4-4-18题
📝 题目
18. $\displaystyle{\int} \frac{\mathrm{d} x}{2 \sin x-\cos x+5}$ .
💡 答案解析
[AI解答]
[AI解答]
我们要求解不定积分:
$$
\int \frac{dx}{2\sin x - \cos x + 5}.
$$
步骤1:使用万能代换
令
$$
t = \tan\frac{x}{2},
$$
则
$$
\sin x = \frac{2t}{1+t^2},\quad \cos x = \frac{1-t^2}{1+t^2},\quad dx = \frac{2}{1+t^2}\,dt.
$$
代入原积分:
$$
\int \frac{dx}{2\sin x - \cos x + 5}
= \int \frac{\frac{2}{1+t^2}}{2\cdot\frac{2t}{1+t^2} - \frac{1-t^2}{1+t^2} + 5}\,dt.
$$
步骤2:化简分母
分母通分后为:
$$
\frac{4t - (1-t^2) + 5(1+t^2)}{1+t^2}
= \frac{4t -1 + t^2 + 5 + 5t^2}{1+t^2}
= \frac{6t^2 + 4t + 4}{1+t^2}.
$$
于是积分变为:
$$
\int \frac{2}{1+t^2} \cdot \frac{1+t^2}{6t^2 + 4t + 4}\,dt
= \int \frac{2}{6t^2 + 4t + 4}\,dt.
$$
步骤3:化简系数
提取分母公因子2:
$$
6t^2 + 4t + 4 = 2(3t^2 + 2t + 2),
$$
所以
$$
\int \frac{2}{2(3t^2 + 2t + 2)}\,dt = \int \frac{1}{3t^2 + 2t + 2}\,dt.
$$
步骤4:配方
$$
3t^2 + 2t + 2 = 3\left(t^2 + \frac{2}{3}t\right) + 2
= 3\left[(t + \frac{1}{3})^2 - \frac{1}{9}\right] + 2
= 3\left(t + \frac{1}{3}\right)^2 - \frac{1}{3} + 2
= 3\left(t + \frac{1}{3}\right)^2 + \frac{5}{3}.
$$
因此
$$
\int \frac{1}{3t^2 + 2t + 2}\,dt
= \int \frac{1}{3\left(t + \frac{1}{3}\right)^2 + \frac{5}{3}}\,dt
= \frac{1}{3} \int \frac{1}{\left(t + \frac{1}{3}\right)^2 + \frac{5}{9}}\,dt.
$$
步骤5:使用标准积分公式
$$
\int \frac{1}{u^2 + a^2}\,du = \frac{1}{a}\arctan\frac{u}{a} + C,
$$
这里
$$
u = t + \frac{1}{3},\quad a = \frac{\sqrt{5}}{3}.
$$
于是
$$
\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{a} \arctan\frac{u}{a} + C
= \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{3}{\sqrt{5}} \arctan\frac{t + \frac{1}{3}}{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{3}} + C
= \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}} \arctan\frac{3t + 1}{\sqrt{5}} + C.
$$
步骤6:代回原变量
因为 $t = \tan\frac{x}{2}$,所以
$$
\int \frac{dx}{2\sin x - \cos x + 5}
= \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}} \arctan\left( \frac{3\tan\frac{x}{2} + 1}{\sqrt{5}} \right) + C.
$$
最终结果为:
$$
\boxed{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}} \arctan\left( \frac{3\tan\frac{x}{2} + 1}{\sqrt{5}} \right) + C}.
$$
难度:★★☆☆☆