同济高数 第4章 第4-5-19题
📝 题目
19. $\displaystyle{\int} x^{2} \sqrt{x^{2}-2} \mathrm{~d} x$ .
💡 答案解析
[AI解答]
[AI解答]
我们要求不定积分:
$$
\int x^{2} \sqrt{x^{2}-2} \, \mathrm{d}x
$$
步骤1:三角代换
因为根号内有 $x^2 - 2$,考虑代换
$$
x = \sqrt{2} \sec t, \quad \mathrm{d}x = \sqrt{2} \sec t \tan t \, \mathrm{d}t
$$
且
$$
\sqrt{x^2 - 2} = \sqrt{2 \sec^2 t - 2} = \sqrt{2(\sec^2 t - 1)} = \sqrt{2 \tan^2 t} = \sqrt{2} |\tan t|
$$
在 $\displaystyle t \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2})$ 时 $\tan t > 0$,可去掉绝对值。
步骤2:代入化简
于是积分变为:
$$
\int (\sqrt{2} \sec t)^2 \cdot \sqrt{2} \tan t \cdot \sqrt{2} \sec t \tan t \, \mathrm{d}t
$$
先计算系数:
$x^2 = 2 \sec^2 t$,
$\sqrt{x^2-2} = \sqrt{2} \tan t$,
$\mathrm{d}x = \sqrt{2} \sec t \tan t \, \mathrm{d}t$。
乘积为:
$$
2 \sec^2 t \cdot \sqrt{2} \tan t \cdot \sqrt{2} \sec t \tan t
= 2 \cdot 2 \cdot \sec^3 t \tan^2 t
$$
因为 $\sqrt{2} \cdot \sqrt{2} = 2$,所以系数是 $2 \times 2 = 4$,即:
$$
\int 4 \sec^3 t \tan^2 t \, \mathrm{d}t
$$
步骤3:化简三角函数
利用 $\tan^2 t = \sec^2 t - 1$,得:
$$
4 \int \sec^3 t (\sec^2 t - 1) \, \mathrm{d}t
= 4 \int (\sec^5 t - \sec^3 t) \, \mathrm{d}t
$$
**步骤4:计算 $\int \sec^3 t \, \mathrm{d}t$ 和 $\int \sec^5 t \, \mathrm{d}t$**
常用递推公式:
对于 $n \ge 3$,
$$
\int \sec^n t \, \mathrm{d}t = \frac{\sec^{n-2} t \tan t}{n-1} + \frac{n-2}{n-1} \int \sec^{n-2} t \, \mathrm{d}t
$$
先求 $\int \sec^3 t \, \mathrm{d}t$:
取 $n=3$:
$$
\int \sec^3 t \, \mathrm{d}t = \frac{\sec t \tan t}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \int \sec t \, \mathrm{d}t
$$
而 $\int \sec t \, \mathrm{d}t = \ln|\sec t + \tan t| + C$,所以:
$$
\int \sec^3 t \, \mathrm{d}t = \frac{1}{2} \sec t \tan t + \frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec t + \tan t| + C
$$
再求 $\int \sec^5 t \, \mathrm{d}t$:
取 $n=5$:
$$
\int \sec^5 t \, \mathrm{d}t = \frac{\sec^3 t \tan t}{4} + \frac{3}{4} \int \sec^3 t \, \mathrm{d}t
$$
代入 $\int \sec^3 t$ 的结果:
$$
\int \sec^5 t \, \mathrm{d}t = \frac{\sec^3 t \tan t}{4} + \frac{3}{4} \left( \frac{1}{2} \sec t \tan t + \frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec t + \tan t| \right)
$$
即:
$$
\int \sec^5 t \, \mathrm{d}t = \frac{1}{4} \sec^3 t \tan t + \frac{3}{8} \sec t \tan t + \frac{3}{8} \ln|\sec t + \tan t| + C
$$
步骤5:组合结果
原积分为:
$$
4 \left( \int \sec^5 t \, \mathrm{d}t - \int \sec^3 t \, \mathrm{d}t \right)
$$
代入:
$$
4 \left[ \left( \frac{1}{4} \sec^3 t \tan t + \frac{3}{8} \sec t \tan t + \frac{3}{8} \ln|\sec t + \tan t| \right) - \left( \frac{1}{2} \sec t \tan t + \frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec t + \tan t| \right) \right]
$$
合并同类项:
$\sec^3 t \tan t$ 项系数:$\displaystyle 4 \cdot \frac{1}{4} = 1$
$\sec t \tan t$ 项:$\displaystyle 4 \left( \frac{3}{8} - \frac{1}{2} \right) = 4 \left( \frac{3}{8} - \frac{4}{8} \right) = 4 \cdot \left( -\frac{1}{8} \right) = -\frac{1}{2}$
对数项:$\displaystyle 4 \left( \frac{3}{8} - \frac{1}{2} \right) = -\frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec t + \tan t|$
所以:
$$
\int x^2 \sqrt{x^2-2} \, \mathrm{d}x = \sec^3 t \tan t - \frac{1}{2} \sec t \tan t - \frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec t + \tan t| + C
$$
**步骤6:回代 $x$**
由 $x = \sqrt{2} \sec t$,得 $\displaystyle \sec t = \frac{x}{\sqrt{2}}$,
$\displaystyle \tan t = \sqrt{\sec^2 t - 1} = \sqrt{\frac{x^2}{2} - 1} = \frac{\sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}}$。
于是:
$$
\sec^3 t \tan t = \left( \frac{x}{\sqrt{2}} \right)^3 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{x^3}{2\sqrt{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}}?
$$
仔细计算:
$\displaystyle \sec^3 t = \frac{x^3}{(\sqrt{2})^3} = \frac{x^3}{2\sqrt{2}}$,乘以 $\displaystyle \tan t = \frac{\sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}}$,得:
$$
\frac{x^3}{2\sqrt{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{x^3 \sqrt{x^2-2}}{4}
$$
因为 $2\sqrt{2} \cdot \sqrt{2} = 2 \cdot 2 = 4$。
下一项:$\displaystyle \sec t \tan t = \frac{x}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{x \sqrt{x^2-2}}{2}$。
所以:
$$
\sec^3 t \tan t - \frac{1}{2} \sec t \tan t = \frac{x^3 \sqrt{x^2-2}}{4} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{x \sqrt{x^2-2}}{2} = \frac{x^3 \sqrt{x^2-2}}{4} - \frac{x \sqrt{x^2-2}}{4}
$$
合并为:
$$
\frac{\sqrt{x^2-2}}{4} (x^3 - x) = \frac{x(x^2-1)\sqrt{x^2-2}}{4}
$$
而对数部分:
$\displaystyle \sec t + \tan t = \frac{x}{\sqrt{2}} + \frac{\sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{x + \sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}}$,
所以:
$$
\ln|\sec t + \tan t| = \ln\left| \frac{x + \sqrt{x^2-2}}{\sqrt{2}} \right| = \ln|x + \sqrt{x^2-2}| - \ln\sqrt{2}
$$
常数 $\displaystyle -\frac{1}{2}\ln\sqrt{2}$ 可并入常数 $C$。
因此最终结果为:
$$
\boxed{\displaystyle \frac{x(x^2-1)\sqrt