共 3 题
题20073中国科学院真题
6.(20 分)设 $\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} X^{i} P_{i}\left(x^{i n}\right)=P\left(x^{n}\right)$ ,且 $\displaystyle (x-1) \mid P(x)$ ,其中 $\displaystyle P_{i}, 0 \leq i \leq n-1, P$ 均为实系数多项式。证明:(i)$\displaystyle P_{i}(x)=0,1 \leq i \leq n-1$ ;(ii)$\displaystyle P(X)=0$ ;(iii)$\displaystyle P_{0}(1)=0$ 。
题20178中国科学院真题
七、 $\displaystyle (12+8=20$ 分)设循环矩阵 $\displaystyle C$ 为
$$
\left(\begin{array}{cccc}
c_{0} & c_{1} & \cdots & c_{n-1} \\
c_{n-1} & c_{0} & \cdots & c_{n-2} \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
c_{1} & c_{2} & \cdots & c_{0}
\end{array}\right)
$$
(1)求 $\displaystyle C$ 的所有特征值以及相应的特征向量;
(2)求 $\displaystyle |C|$ 。
解:(1)构造多项式:$\displaystyle f(\lambda)=c_{0}+c_{1} \lambda+\cdots+c_{n-1} \lambda^{n-1}$ 。设 $\displaystyle P$ 是 $\displaystyle n$ 阶初等置换矩阵:
$$
\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}
0 & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & \cdots & 0 \\
\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1 \\
1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0
\end{array}\right)
$$
则 $\displaystyle C=f(P)$ .
$\displaystyle \because|\lambda I-P|=\lambda^{n}-1=\prod_{k=0}^{n-1}\left(\lambda-\omega^{k}\right)$ ,其中 $\displaystyle \omega=e^{i \frac{2 \pi}{n}}$ 是 $\displaystyle \lambda^{n}-1=0$ 的本原单位根.
$\displaystyle \therefore \omega^{0}, \omega^{1}, \cdots, \omega^{n-1}$ 是 $\displaystyle P$ 的所有特征值
$\displaystyle \therefore f\left(\omega^{0}\right), f\left(\omega^{1}\right), \cdots, f\left(\omega^{n-1}\right)$ 是循环矩阵 $\displaystyle C$ 的所有特征值.
$\displaystyle \forall k \in\{0,1,2, \cdots, n-1\}$ ,令 $\displaystyle x_{k}=\left(1, \omega^{k}, \omega^{2 k}, \cdots, \omega^{(n-1) k}\right)^{T}$ ,则
$$
P x_{k}=\left(\omega^{k}, \omega^{2 k}, \cdots, \omega^{(n-1) k}, 1\right)^{T}=\omega^{k} x_{k}
$$
所以
$$
C x_{k}=f(P) x_{k}=f\left(\omega^{k}\right) x_{k}
$$
综上可得
循环矩阵 $\displaystyle C$ 的所有特征值为 $\displaystyle f\left(\omega^{0}\right), f\left(\omega^{1}\right), \cdots, f\left(\omega^{n-1}\right)$ ,它们对应的特征向量分别为
$\displaystyle x_{0}=(1,1, \cdots, 1)^{T}, \quad x_{k}=\left(1, \omega^{k}, \omega^{2 k}, \cdots, \omega^{(n-1) k}\right)^{T}, \quad \cdots, \quad x_{n-1}=\left(1, \omega^{n-1}, \omega^{2(n-1)}, \cdots, \omega^{(n-1)^{2}}\right)^{T}$.
(2)由(1)可得
$$
|C|=\prod_{k=0}^{n-1} f\left(\omega^{k}\right)
$$
$$
\left(\begin{array}{cccc}
c_{0} & c_{1} & \cdots & c_{n-1} \\
c_{n-1} & c_{0} & \cdots & c_{n-2} \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
c_{1} & c_{2} & \cdots & c_{0}
\end{array}\right)
$$
(1)求 $\displaystyle C$ 的所有特征值以及相应的特征向量;
(2)求 $\displaystyle |C|$ 。
解:(1)构造多项式:$\displaystyle f(\lambda)=c_{0}+c_{1} \lambda+\cdots+c_{n-1} \lambda^{n-1}$ 。设 $\displaystyle P$ 是 $\displaystyle n$ 阶初等置换矩阵:
$$
\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}
0 & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & \cdots & 0 \\
\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1 \\
1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0
\end{array}\right)
$$
则 $\displaystyle C=f(P)$ .
$\displaystyle \because|\lambda I-P|=\lambda^{n}-1=\prod_{k=0}^{n-1}\left(\lambda-\omega^{k}\right)$ ,其中 $\displaystyle \omega=e^{i \frac{2 \pi}{n}}$ 是 $\displaystyle \lambda^{n}-1=0$ 的本原单位根.
$\displaystyle \therefore \omega^{0}, \omega^{1}, \cdots, \omega^{n-1}$ 是 $\displaystyle P$ 的所有特征值
$\displaystyle \therefore f\left(\omega^{0}\right), f\left(\omega^{1}\right), \cdots, f\left(\omega^{n-1}\right)$ 是循环矩阵 $\displaystyle C$ 的所有特征值.
$\displaystyle \forall k \in\{0,1,2, \cdots, n-1\}$ ,令 $\displaystyle x_{k}=\left(1, \omega^{k}, \omega^{2 k}, \cdots, \omega^{(n-1) k}\right)^{T}$ ,则
$$
P x_{k}=\left(\omega^{k}, \omega^{2 k}, \cdots, \omega^{(n-1) k}, 1\right)^{T}=\omega^{k} x_{k}
$$
所以
$$
C x_{k}=f(P) x_{k}=f\left(\omega^{k}\right) x_{k}
$$
综上可得
循环矩阵 $\displaystyle C$ 的所有特征值为 $\displaystyle f\left(\omega^{0}\right), f\left(\omega^{1}\right), \cdots, f\left(\omega^{n-1}\right)$ ,它们对应的特征向量分别为
$\displaystyle x_{0}=(1,1, \cdots, 1)^{T}, \quad x_{k}=\left(1, \omega^{k}, \omega^{2 k}, \cdots, \omega^{(n-1) k}\right)^{T}, \quad \cdots, \quad x_{n-1}=\left(1, \omega^{n-1}, \omega^{2(n-1)}, \cdots, \omega^{(n-1)^{2}}\right)^{T}$.
(2)由(1)可得
$$
|C|=\prod_{k=0}^{n-1} f\left(\omega^{k}\right)
$$
题20477南京大学真题
五、(10 分)设 n 为正整数,$\displaystyle f_{1}(x), f_{2}(x) \ldots \ldots f_{n}(x)$ 都是多项式,并且
$\displaystyle x^{n}+x^{n-1}+\ldots \ldots+x^{2}+x+1 \mid f_{1}\left(x^{n+1}\right)+x f_{2}\left(x^{n+1}\right)+\ldots \ldots x^{n-1} f_{n}\left(x^{n+1}\right)$ ,证明:
$\displaystyle (x-1)^{n} \mid f_{1}(x) f_{2}(x) \ldots \ldots f_{n}(x)$
证 明:令 $\displaystyle \varepsilon_{1}, \varepsilon_{2} \ldots \ldots \varepsilon_{n}$ 为 $\displaystyle x^{n}+x^{n-1}+\ldots \ldots+x+1=0$ 的 解,所 以
$\displaystyle \varepsilon_{i}{ }^{n+1}-1=0(i=1,2, \ldots \ldots \mathrm{n})$
因 $\displaystyle x^{n}+x^{n-1}+\ldots \ldots+x^{2}+x+1 \mid f_{1}\left(x^{n+1}\right)+x f_{2}\left(x^{n+1}\right)+\ldots \ldots x^{n-1} f_{n}\left(x^{n+1}\right)$ ,所以 $\displaystyle \varepsilon_{1}, \varepsilon_{2} \ldots \ldots \varepsilon_{n}$ 必然是 $\displaystyle f_{1}\left(x^{n+1}\right)+x f_{2}\left(x^{n+1}\right)+\ldots \ldots x^{n-1} f_{n}\left(x^{n+1}\right)=0$ 的解,即:
$$
\left\{\begin{array}{c}
f_{1}(1)+\varepsilon_{1} f_{2}(1)+\ldots \ldots+\varepsilon_{1}^{n-1} f_{n}(1)=0 \\
\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \\
f_{1}(1)+\varepsilon_{n} f_{2}(1)+\ldots \ldots+\varepsilon_{n}^{n-1} f_{n}(1)=0
\end{array}\right.
$$
解此方程组得到 $\displaystyle f_{1}(1)=f_{2}(1)=\ldots \ldots=f_{n}(1)=0$ ,所以 $\displaystyle (x-1) \mid f_{i}(x)(i=1,2, \ldots \ldots \mathrm{n})$即可得 $\displaystyle (x-1)^{n} \mid f_{1}(x) f_{2}(x) \ldots \ldots f_{n}(x)$ 。
$\displaystyle x^{n}+x^{n-1}+\ldots \ldots+x^{2}+x+1 \mid f_{1}\left(x^{n+1}\right)+x f_{2}\left(x^{n+1}\right)+\ldots \ldots x^{n-1} f_{n}\left(x^{n+1}\right)$ ,证明:
$\displaystyle (x-1)^{n} \mid f_{1}(x) f_{2}(x) \ldots \ldots f_{n}(x)$
证 明:令 $\displaystyle \varepsilon_{1}, \varepsilon_{2} \ldots \ldots \varepsilon_{n}$ 为 $\displaystyle x^{n}+x^{n-1}+\ldots \ldots+x+1=0$ 的 解,所 以
$\displaystyle \varepsilon_{i}{ }^{n+1}-1=0(i=1,2, \ldots \ldots \mathrm{n})$
因 $\displaystyle x^{n}+x^{n-1}+\ldots \ldots+x^{2}+x+1 \mid f_{1}\left(x^{n+1}\right)+x f_{2}\left(x^{n+1}\right)+\ldots \ldots x^{n-1} f_{n}\left(x^{n+1}\right)$ ,所以 $\displaystyle \varepsilon_{1}, \varepsilon_{2} \ldots \ldots \varepsilon_{n}$ 必然是 $\displaystyle f_{1}\left(x^{n+1}\right)+x f_{2}\left(x^{n+1}\right)+\ldots \ldots x^{n-1} f_{n}\left(x^{n+1}\right)=0$ 的解,即:
$$
\left\{\begin{array}{c}
f_{1}(1)+\varepsilon_{1} f_{2}(1)+\ldots \ldots+\varepsilon_{1}^{n-1} f_{n}(1)=0 \\
\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \\
f_{1}(1)+\varepsilon_{n} f_{2}(1)+\ldots \ldots+\varepsilon_{n}^{n-1} f_{n}(1)=0
\end{array}\right.
$$
解此方程组得到 $\displaystyle f_{1}(1)=f_{2}(1)=\ldots \ldots=f_{n}(1)=0$ ,所以 $\displaystyle (x-1) \mid f_{i}(x)(i=1,2, \ldots \ldots \mathrm{n})$即可得 $\displaystyle (x-1)^{n} \mid f_{1}(x) f_{2}(x) \ldots \ldots f_{n}(x)$ 。