同济高数 第2章 第2-5-3题
📝 题目
3.求下列函数的微分:
(1)$\displaystyle y=\frac{1}{x}+2 \sqrt{x}$ ;
(2)$y=x \sin 2 x$ ;
(3)$\displaystyle y=\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2}+1}}$ ;
(4)$y=\ln ^{2}(1-x)$ ;
(5)$y=x^{2} e^{2 x}$ ;
(6)$y=\mathrm{e}^{-x} \cos (3-x)$ ;
(7)$y=\arcsin \sqrt{1-x^{2}}$ ;
(8)$y=\tan ^{2}\left(1+2 x^{2}\right)$ ;
(9)$\displaystyle y=\arctan \frac{1-x^{2}}{1+x^{2}}$ ;
(10)$s=A \sin (\omega t+\varphi) \quad(A, \omega, \varphi$ 是常数).
💡 答案解析
[AI解答]
[AI解答]
习题2-5 第3题 求下列函数的微分
函数的微分定义为 $ dy = y' \, dx $,因此只需求出导数 $ y' $ 即可。
---
(1)$ y = \frac{1}{x} + 2\sqrt{x} $
$$
y = x^{-1} + 2x^{\frac{1}{2}}
$$
$$
y' = -x^{-2} + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{2} x^{-\frac{1}{2}} = -\frac{1}{x^{2}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}
$$
$$
\boxed{dy = \left( -\frac{1}{x^{2}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \right) dx}
$$
---
(2)$ y = x \sin 2x $
使用乘积法则:
$$
y' = \sin 2x + x \cdot \cos 2x \cdot 2 = \sin 2x + 2x \cos 2x
$$
$$
\boxed{dy = (\sin 2x + 2x \cos 2x) \, dx}
$$
---
(3)$ y = \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2}+1}} $
使用商法则或改写为 $ y = x (x^{2}+1)^{-\frac{1}{2}} $ 用乘积法则:
$$
y' = (x^{2}+1)^{-\frac{1}{2}} + x \cdot \left( -\frac{1}{2} \right)(x^{2}+1)^{-\frac{3}{2}} \cdot 2x
$$
$$
= \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^{2}+1}} - \frac{x^{2}}{(x^{2}+1)^{\frac{3}{2}}}
$$
通分:
$$
= \frac{x^{2}+1 - x^{2}}{(x^{2}+1)^{\frac{3}{2}}} = \frac{1}{(x^{2}+1)^{\frac{3}{2}}}
$$
$$
\boxed{dy = \frac{1}{(x^{2}+1)^{\frac{3}{2}}} \, dx}
$$
---
(4)$ y = \ln^{2}(1-x) $
链式法则:
$$
y' = 2 \ln(1-x) \cdot \frac{1}{1-x} \cdot (-1) = -\frac{2 \ln(1-x)}{1-x}
$$
$$
\boxed{dy = -\frac{2 \ln(1-x)}{1-x} \, dx}
$$
---
(5)$ y = x^{2} e^{2x} $
乘积法则:
$$
y' = 2x e^{2x} + x^{2} e^{2x} \cdot 2 = 2x e^{2x} + 2x^{2} e^{2x}
$$
$$
= 2x e^{2x} (1 + x)
$$
$$
\boxed{dy = 2x e^{2x} (1 + x) \, dx}
$$
---
(6)$ y = e^{-x} \cos(3-x) $
乘积法则:
$$
y' = -e^{-x} \cos(3-x) + e^{-x} \cdot (-\sin(3-x)) \cdot (-1)
$$
注意 $ \frac{d}{dx} \cos(3-x) = -\sin(3-x) \cdot (-1) = \sin(3-x) $,所以:
$$
y' = -e^{-x} \cos(3-x) + e^{-x} \sin(3-x)
$$
$$
= e^{-x} [\sin(3-x) - \cos(3-x)]
$$
$$
\boxed{dy = e^{-x} [\sin(3-x) - \cos(3-x)] \, dx}
$$
---
(7)$ y = \arcsin \sqrt{1-x^{2}} $
定义域注意,先求导:
$$
y' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - (\sqrt{1-x^{2}})^{2}}} \cdot \frac{d}{dx} \sqrt{1-x^{2}}
$$
$$
= \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - (1-x^{2})}} \cdot \frac{1}{2\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \cdot (-2x)
$$
$$
= \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^{2}}} \cdot \frac{-x}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}
$$
注意 $ \sqrt{x^{2}} = |x| $,因此:
$$
y' = -\frac{x}{|x| \sqrt{1-x^{2}}}
$$
通常写作:
$$
\boxed{dy = -\frac{x}{|x| \sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \, dx}
$$
---
(8)$ y = \tan^{2}(1+2x^{2}) $
链式法则:
$$
y' = 2 \tan(1+2x^{2}) \cdot \sec^{2}(1+2x^{2}) \cdot (4x)
$$
$$
= 8x \tan(1+2x^{2}) \sec^{2}(1+2x^{2})
$$
$$
\boxed{dy = 8x \tan(1+2x^{2}) \sec^{2}(1+2x^{2}) \, dx}
$$
---
(9)$ y = \arctan \frac{1-x^{2}}{1+x^{2}} $
令 $ u = \frac{1-x^{2}}{1+x^{2}} $,则:
$$
y' = \frac{1}{1+u^{2}} \cdot u'
$$
先计算 $ u' $:
$$
u' = \frac{-2x(1+x^{2}) - (1-x^{2})(2x)}{(1+x^{2})^{2}}
= \frac{-2x - 2x^{3} - 2x + 2x^{3}}{(1+x^{2})^{2}}
= \frac{-4x}{(1+x^{2})^{2}}
$$
又因为:
$$
1+u^{2} = 1 + \frac{(1-x^{2})^{2}}{(1+x^{2})^{2}}
= \frac{(1+x^{2})^{2} + (1-x^{2})^{2}}{(1+x^{2})^{2}}
= \frac{2 + 2x^{4}}{(1+x^{2})^{2}}
= \frac{2(1+x^{4})}{(1+x^{2})^{2}}
$$
所以:
$$
y' = \frac{1}{\frac{2(1+x^{4})}{(1+x^{2})^{2}}} \cdot \frac{-4x}{(1+x^{2})^{2}}
= \frac{(1+x^{2})^{2}}{2(1+x^{4})} \cdot \frac{-4x}{(1+x^{2})^{2}}
= -\frac{2x}{1+x^{4}}
$$
$$
\boxed{dy = -\frac{2x}{1+x^{4}} \, dx}
$$
---
(10)$ s = A \sin(\omega t + \varphi) $
对 $ t $ 求导:
$$
s' = A \cos(\omega t + \varphi) \cdot \omega
$$
$$
\boxed{ds = A \omega \cos(\omega t + \varphi) \, dt}
$$
---
难度评级:★★☆☆☆
大部分题目为基础求导与微分公式的直接应用,个别题(如第7、9题)需要小心处理复合函数与代数化简,但整体难度较低。